Appendix:Russian pronunciation

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AP:pron:ru

See Russian phonology at Wikipedia for a thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants

Basic consonants as in the alphabet:

Transliterations and IPA (not in alphabetical order)
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Letter б п в ф г к д т ж ш з с й л м н р х ц ч щ
WT:RU TR b p v f g k d t ž š z s j l m n r x c č šč
IPA b p v f g k d t ʐ ʂ z s j l m n r x t͡s t͡ɕ ɕː

Palatalisation

Palatalised ("soft") consonants: bʲ, pʲ, vʲ, fʲ, gʲ, kʲ dʲ, tʲ, zʲ, sʲ, lʲ, mʲ, nʲ, rʲ, xʲ, (t͡sʲ). , and are always palatalised ("soft"), and are almost always unpalatalised ("hard").

Palatalisation for other consonants typically occurs:

  1. In front of vowels: "е", "ё", "и", "ю", "я" and in front of "ь" ("soft sign"), see also note on "ь" as a "separation sign".
    E.g.: вре́мя , ребёнок , пита́ние , колю́чка , пря́ник , день
  2. Many loanwords are NOT palatalised in front of "е" (=э), e.g. "тест" (=тэст) is pronounced . ("е" is then pronounced in stressed positions, in unstressed positions)

TO DO

Vowels

Basic vowels as in the alphabet:

Transliterations and IPA (not in alphabetical order)
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Non-palatal letter Palatal letter
а э ы о у я е и ё ю
WT:RU TR a ɛ y o u ja e i jo ju
IPA (when stressed) a ɛ ɨ o u ʲa, ʲæ ʲe ʲi ʲɵ ʲu, ʲʉ
IPA (directly before the stress) ɐ ɨ ɨ ɐ ʊ ʲɪ, ʲə ʲɪ ʲɪ ʲɵ ʲʊ, ʲʉ
IPA (other unstressed positions) ə ɪ ə

NOTES:

  • The difference between "palatal" and "non-palatal" vowels is actually their effect on a preceding consonant. Palatal vowels palatalize a preceding consonant, while non-palatal vowels don't. If no consonant directly precedes (i.e. either at the beginning of a word, following a vowel or following a soft or hard sign), a /j/ is pronounced before the palatal vowels, e.g. вое́нный (vojénnyj, “military, martial”) is pronounced . This /j/, however, is omitted in some situations: (1) with palatal и (stressed or unstressed), except when following the soft sign ь (hence игра́ (igrá, “game”) is pronounced , and во́ин (vóin, “soldier”) is pronounced ); (2) optionally with other palatal vowels when unstressed and following a vowel (hence по́яс (pójas, “belt”) is pronounced ).
  • The two pronunciations of я and ю are related to what follows: If a palatalized consonant follows, the second-listed, more-fronted pronunciations are used; otherwise, the first-listed, less-fronted pronunciations are used. When я is unstressed, no such difference exists but it still does with unstressed ю.
  • Unstressed о and а are always pronounced when word-initial and when directly following another unstressed о or а, regardless of the position of the stress.
  • Unstressed э when word-initial and when following a vowel is pronounced , exactly as for и in the same position.

See also

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia