Appendix:Ukrainian alphabet

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The Ukrainian alphabet is a variation of the Cyrillic, with 33 letters.

Historical variation

Until the official Ukrainian Orthography of 1990, the alphabetical order ended with ю, я, ь, instead of ь, ю, я. In the Soviet Union, the letter ґ = g was banned during 1933–90, and its function replaced by г = h (counterpart of Russian г = g), although it continued to be used in the diaspora. Pre-1918 orthographies included several other letters also used in Russian, and orthographies before 1708 were based on an older form of Cyrillic used for Old Church Slavonic.

Romanization

In English-language and other Roman-alphabet sources, Ukrainian words are often romanized (transliterated into the Latin alphabet). The table below includes the most common methods of transliteration used in language references and dictionaries.

  • Scholarly transliteration (a.k.a. the scientific or linguistic method, or the international system as part of the British Standard, below) is used in linguistics and Slavic studies, and in Wiktionary (see Wiktionary:Ukrainian transliteration).
  • ALA-LC (American Library Association–Library of Congress) romanization is used in library catalogues and in general publications throughout the English-speaking world.
  • British Standard transliteration (BS 2979) was used by Oxford publications (including the OED, in etymologies), and by the British Library before 1975, but has largely been superseded by ALA-LC transliteration.
  • Ukrainian National transliteration is used to derive official Roman-alphabet spellings of Ukrainian names, and has been adopted by the United Nations.

Romanization in linguistics, lexicography, bibliography, and cartography often strictly follows such a standard. It is usually relaxed for the sake of natural reading in running text, particularly for proper names. For example, in one history book:

In this book, Ukrainian place and personal names are transliterated using the simplified Library of Congress system with soft signs, apostrophes, and diacritical marks omitted throughout. The masculine ending “-yi” is shortened to “-y,” and the initial iotated vowels rendered with a “y” rather than “i.” . . . —Serhy Yekelchyk (2007), Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation, Oxford University Press, p xiii.

Table of letters

Letters of the Ukrainian alphabet
Letter Sound Romanization
upright italic (IPA) Scholarly ALA-LC British Standard Ukrainian National
А а А а a a a a
Б б Б б b b b b
В в В в ~ v v v v
Г г Г г h h g h, gh
Ґ ґ Ґ ґ g g g g
Д д Д д d d d d
Е е Е е e e e e
Є є Є є je i͡e ye ie, ye
Ж ж Ж ж ž z͡h zh zh
З з З з z z z z
И и И и y y ȳ y
І і I і i i i i
Ї ї Ї ї ji ï yi i, yi
Й й Й й j ĭ ĭ i, y
К к К к k k k k
Л л Л л l l l l
М м М м m m m m
Н н Н н n n n n
О о О о o o o o
П п П п p p p p
Р р Р р r r r r
С с С с s s s s
Т т Т т t t t t
У у У у u u u u
Ф ф Ф ф f f f f
Х х Х х x kh kh kh
Ц ц Ц ц c t͡s ts ts
Ч ч Ч ч č ch ch ch
Ш ш Ш ш š sh sh sh
Щ щ Щ щ šč shch shch shch
Ю ю Ю ю ju i͡u yu iu, yu
Я я Я я ja i͡a ya ia, ya
Ь ь Ь ь ′ ′ ’, ′ –
’ – ″ – ”, ″ –
Archaic letters
Ё ё Ё ё ë ë ë –
Ъ ъ Ъ ъ – ″ ″ ”, ″ –
Ы ы Ы ы y y ȳ (ui) –
Ѣ ѣ Ѣ ѣ ě i͡e ê –
Э э Э э è ė é –
Ѳ ѳ Ѳ ѳ f ḟ ḟ –
Ѵ ѵ Ѵ ѵ i ẏ y̆ –
Ѧ ѧ Ѧ ѧ ja ę – –

Notes

  • Diacritics, primes, and tie bars are often dropped in running text. Primes ′ are often replaced with apostrophes ’ in print.
  • British Standard: diacritics may be omitted.
  • Ukrainian National 2012:
    1. gh is used in the romanization of зг = zgh, avoiding confusion with ж = zh.
    2. Elsewhere that two variants are shown, the second is used at the beginning of a word.

See also

References

  • Hryhoryi Holoskevych, “Pravopysnyi Slovnyk”, Kyiv, Ukraine, (2006), →ISBN, ББК 81.2УКР-4 Г61, 452 pp.
  • Paul Cubberly, “The Slavic Alphabets”, s 27 in Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (1996), The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, p 702.
  • Paul Cubberly, “Alphabets and Transliteration”, ch 2 of Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett (2002), The Slavonic Languages, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, pp 55–58.
  • Peter T. Daniels and William Bright eds. (1996), The World’s Writing Systems, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Robert M. Ritter (2002), The Oxford Guide to Style, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pp 334, 350.
  • ALA-LC Romanization Tables at the Library of Congress.
  • UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems (2013), Report of the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names.
  • Ukrainian Primer by Elias Shklanka, M.A.
  • Мій найкращий Словник, published by Річард Скері, Ukrainian Editor Orest Dubas.
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