Reconstruction:Ancient Greek/-ϳω
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This Ancient Greek entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *-yō, from Proto-Indo-European *-yoh₂. Cognates include Proto-Germanic *-janą and Sanskrit -यति (-yati). See progressive aspect marker.
Suffix
*-ϳω • (*-jō)
- builds a verb stem with (originally) imperfective meaning, either from a root or from a nominal. The imperfective aspect is preserved in the past tense (signified by augment and secondary endings).
Inflection
When the stem ends in ε or σ, e.g. τέλος (télos) → τελέω (teléō):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-έω | *-έεις | *-έει | *-έετον | *-έετον | *-έομεν | *-έετε | *-έουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | *-έω | *-έῃς | *-έῃ | *-έητον | *-έητον | *-έωμεν | *-έητε | *-έωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | *-έοιμῐ | *-έοις | *-έοι | *-έοιτον | *-εοίτην | *-έοιμεν | *-έοιτε | *-έοιεν | |||||
| imperative | *-εε | *-εέτω | *-έετον | *-εέτων | *-έετε | *-εόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-έομαι | *-έῃ, *-έει |
*-έεται | *-έεσθον | *-έεσθον | *-εόμεθᾰ | *-έεσθε | *-έονται | ||||
| subjunctive | *-έωμαι | *-έῃ | *-έηται | *-έησθον | *-έησθον | *-εώμεθᾰ | *-έησθε | *-έωνται | |||||
| optative | *-εοίμην | *-έοιο | *-έοιτο | *-έοισθον | *-εοίσθην | *-εοίμεθᾰ | *-έοισθε | *-έοιντο | |||||
| imperative | *-έου | *-εέσθω | *-έεσθον | *-εέσθων | *-έεσθε | *-εέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | *-έειν | *-έεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | *-έων | *-εόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | *-έουσᾰ | *-εομένη | |||||||||||
| n | *-έον | *-εόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ῶ | *-εῖς | *-εῖ | *-εῖτον | *-εῖτον | *-οῦμεν | *-εῖτε | *-οῦσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ῶ | *-ῇς | *-ῇ | *-ῆτον | *-ῆτον | *-ῶμεν | *-ῆτε | *-ῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | *-οίην, *-οῖμῐ |
*-οίης, *-οῖς |
*-οίη, *-οῖ |
*-οῖτον, *-οίητον |
*-οίτην, *-οιήτην |
*-οῖμεν, *-οίημεν |
*-οῖτε, *-οίητε |
*-οῖεν, *-οίησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | *-ει | *-είτω | *-εῖτον | *-είτων | *-εῖτε | *-ούντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-οῦμαι | *-εῖ, *-ῇ |
*-εῖται | *-εῖσθον | *-εῖσθον | *-ούμεθᾰ | *-εῖσθε | *-οῦνται | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ῶμαι | *-ῇ | *-ῆται | *-ῆσθον | *-ῆσθον | *-ώμεθᾰ | *-ῆσθε | *-ῶνται | |||||
| optative | *-οίμην | *-οῖο | *-οῖτο | *-οῖσθον | *-οίσθην | *-οίμεθᾰ | *-οῖσθε | *-οῖντο | |||||
| imperative | *-οῦ | *-είσθω | *-εῖσθον | *-είσθων | *-εῖσθε | *-είσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | *-εῖν | *-εῖσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | *-ῶν | *-ούμενος | ||||||||||
| f | *-οῦσᾰ | *-ουμένη | |||||||||||
| n | *-οῦν | *-ούμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-εον | *-εες | *-εε(ν) | *-έετον | *-εέτην | *-έομεν | *-έετε | *-εον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-εόμην | *-έου | *-έετο | *-έεσθον | *-εέσθην | *-εόμεθᾰ | *-έεσθε | *-έοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ουν | *-εις | *-ει | *-εῖτον | *-είτην | *-οῦμεν | *-εῖτε | *-ουν | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ούμην | *-οῦ | *-εῖτο | *-εῖσθον | *-είσθην | *-ούμεθᾰ | *-εῖσθε | *-οῦντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in ο, e.g. ἄξιος (áxios) → ἀξιόω (axióō):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ῶ | *-οῖς | *-οῖ | *-οῦτον | *-οῦτον | *-οῦμεν | *-οῦτε | *-οῦσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ῶ | *-οῖς | *-οῖ | *-ῶτον | *-ῶτον | *-ῶμεν | *-ῶτε | *-ῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | *-οίην, *-οῖμῐ |
*-οίης, *-οῖς |
*-οίη, *-οῖ |
*-οῖτον, *-οίητον |
*-οίτην, *-οιήτην |
*-οῖμεν, *-οίημεν |
*-οῖτε, *-οίητε |
*-οῖεν, *-οίησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | *-ου | *-ούτω | *-οῦτον | *-ούτων | *-οῦτε | *-ούντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-οῦμαι | *-οῖ | *-οῦται | *-οῦσθον | *-οῦσθον | *-ούμεθᾰ | *-οῦσθε | *-οῦνται | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ῶμαι | *-οῖ | *-ῶται | *-ῶσθον | *-ῶσθον | *-ώμεθᾰ | *-ῶσθε | *-ῶνται | |||||
| optative | *-οίμην | *-οῖο | *-οῖτο | *-οῖσθον | *-οίσθην | *-οίμεθᾰ | *-οῖσθε | *-οῖντο | |||||
| imperative | *-οῦ | *-ούσθω | *-οῦσθον | *-ούσθων | *-οῦσθε | *-ούσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | *-οῦν | *-οῦσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | *-ῶν | *-ούμενος | ||||||||||
| f | *-οῦσᾰ | *-ουμένη | |||||||||||
| n | *-οῦν | *-ούμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ουν | *-ους | *-ου | *-οῦτον | *-ούτην | *-οῦμεν | *-οῦτε | *-ουν | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ούμην | *-οῦ | *-οῦτο | *-οῦσθον | *-ούσθην | *-ούμεθᾰ | *-οῦσθε | *-οῦντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in a labial (β π φ), e.g. κρυφ- (kruph-) → κρύπτω (krúptō):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-πτον | *-πτες | *-πτε(ν) | *-πτετον | *-πτέτην | *-πτομεν | *-πτετε | *-πτον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-πτόμην | *-πτου | *-πτετο | *-πτεσθον | *-πτέσθην | *-πτόμεθᾰ | *-πτεσθε | *-πτοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in an unvoiced or aspirated velar or dental (κ χ τ θ), e.g. φύλαξ (phúlax) → φυλάσσω (phulássō):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ττον | *-ττες | *-ττε(ν) | *-ττετον | *-ττέτην | *-ττομεν | *-ττετε | *-ττον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ττόμην | *-ττου | *-ττετο | *-ττεσθον | *-ττέσθην | *-ττόμεθᾰ | *-ττεσθε | *-ττοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-σσον | *-σσες | *-σσε(ν) | *-σσετον | *-σσέτην | *-σσομεν | *-σσετε | *-σσον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-σσόμην | *-σσου | *-σσετο | *-σσεσθον | *-σσέσθην | *-σσόμεθᾰ | *-σσεσθε | *-σσοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in the voiced velar or dental (γ δ), e.g. ἐλπίς (elpís) → ἐλπίζω (elpízō):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ζω | *-ζεις | *-ζει | *-ζετον | *-ζετον | *-ζομεν | *-ζετε | *-ζουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ζω | *-ζῃς | *-ζῃ | *-ζητον | *-ζητον | *-ζωμεν | *-ζητε | *-ζωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | *-ζοιμῐ | *-ζοις | *-ζοι | *-ζοιτον | *-ζοίτην | *-ζοιμεν | *-ζοιτε | *-ζοιεν | |||||
| imperative | *-ζε | *-ζέτω | *-ζετον | *-ζέτων | *-ζετε | *-ζόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ζομαι | *-ζῃ, *-ζει |
*-ζεται | *-ζεσθον | *-ζεσθον | *-ζόμεθᾰ | *-ζεσθε | *-ζονται | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ζωμαι | *-ζῃ | *-ζηται | *-ζησθον | *-ζησθον | *-ζώμεθᾰ | *-ζησθε | *-ζωνται | |||||
| optative | *-ζοίμην | *-ζοιο | *-ζοιτο | *-ζοισθον | *-ζοίσθην | *-ζοίμεθᾰ | *-ζοισθε | *-ζοιντο | |||||
| imperative | *-ζου | *-ζέσθω | *-ζεσθον | *-ζέσθων | *-ζεσθε | *-ζέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | *-ζειν | *-ζεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | *-ζων | *-ζόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | *-ζουσᾰ | *-ζομένη | |||||||||||
| n | *-ζον | *-ζόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ζον | *-ζες | *-ζε(ν) | *-ζετον | *-ζέτην | *-ζομεν | *-ζετε | *-ζον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ζόμην | *-ζου | *-ζετο | *-ζεσθον | *-ζέσθην | *-ζόμεθᾰ | *-ζεσθε | *-ζοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in λ:
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-λλον | *-λλες | *-λλε(ν) | *-λλετον | *-λλέτην | *-λλομεν | *-λλετε | *-λλον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-λλόμην | *-λλου | *-λλετο | *-λλεσθον | *-λλέσθην | *-λλόμεθᾰ | *-λλεσθε | *-λλοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in (now lost) digamma (ϝ). (Contractions allowed only with ε):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ω | *-εις | *-ει | *-ετον | *-ετον | *-ομεν | *-ετε | *-ουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ω | *-ῃς | *-ῃ | *-ητον | *-ητον | *-ωμεν | *-ητε | *-ωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | *-οιμῐ | *-οις | *-οι | *-οιτον | *-οίτην | *-οιμεν | *-οιτε | *-οιεν | |||||
| imperative | *-ε | *-έτω | *-ετον | *-έτων | *-ετε | *-όντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ομαι | *-ῃ, *-ει |
*-εται | *-εσθον | *-εσθον | *-όμεθᾰ | *-εσθε | *-ονται | ||||
| subjunctive | *-ωμαι | *-ῃ | *-ηται | *-ησθον | *-ησθον | *-ώμεθᾰ | *-ησθε | *-ωνται | |||||
| optative | *-οίμην | *-οιο | *-οιτο | *-οισθον | *-οίσθην | *-οίμεθᾰ | *-οισθε | *-οιντο | |||||
| imperative | *-ου | *-έσθω | *-εσθον | *-έσθων | *-εσθε | *-έσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | *-ειν | *-εσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | *-ων | *-όμενος | ||||||||||
| f | *-ουσᾰ | *-ομένη | |||||||||||
| n | *-ον | *-όμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ον | *-ες | *-ε(ν) | *-ετον | *-έτην | *-ομεν | *-ετε | *-ον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-όμην | *-ου | *-ετο | *-εσθον | *-έσθην | *-όμεθᾰ | *-εσθε | *-οντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
When the stem ends in μ, ν or ρ, ϳ surfaces as ι in front of the consonant (metathesis), e.g. ὄνομα (ónoma) → ὀνομαίνω (onomaínō):
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | *-ιCον | *-ιCες | *-ιCε(ν) | *-ίCετον | *-ιCέτην | *-ίCομεν | *-ίCετε | *-ιCον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | *-ιCόμην | *-ίCου | *-ίCετο | *-ίCεσθον | *-ιCέσθην | *-ιCόμεθᾰ | *-ίCεσθε | *-ίCοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||