Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/ənəm

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

**Proto-Austronesian cardinal numbers**
< 5	6	7 >
Cardinal : *ənəm

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ənəm/

Etymology

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. From dualism of three *du- +‎ *dum, from Proto-Austronesian: *duma.

Same dualism numeral concept in:

Proto-Austronesian: *duSa probably from *du- +‎ *əsa.
Makatao: ra-hurum from hu ("dual") + ruma("three")
Truku: mataru from ma ("dual?") + taru ("three")
Thao: katuru from ka ("dual?") + turu ("three")

**Sound Changes Table**
origin form	nasalization form	transition form	pra-final form
*dudum	*dundum	*undum	*unum

Numeral

*ənəm

six

Descendants

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *ənəm
- Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *onəm
  - Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *wonəm
    - Buli (Indonesia): wonam
  - Proto-Oceanic: *onom
    - Drehu: gömen
    - Fijian: ono
    - Proto-Polynesian: *ono
      - Hawaiian: ono
      - South Marquesan: ono
      - Rapa Nui: ono
      - Maori: ono
      - Tuvaluan: ono
      - Rotuman: ono
      - Samoan: ono
      - Niuean: ono
      - Tongan: ono
- Barito
  - Malagasy: ènina
- Proto-Philippine: *ənəm
  - Greater Central Philippine
    - Central Philippine
      - Tagalog: anim
      - Bikol
        Coastal Bikol
        Bikol Central: anóm
      - Visayan
        Asi: an-om
        Cebuan
        Cebuano: unom
        Central Visayan
        Waray-Waray: unóm
        Southern Visayan
        Tausug: unum
        Western Visayan
        Aklanon: an-om
        Cuyunon: anem
      - Danao:
        Maguindanao: nem
        Maranao: nem
  - Northern Luzon
    - Central Cordilleran
      - Lubuagan Kalinga: olom
- Celebic
  - Cia-Cia: no'o
- Javanese: enem
  - Madurese: ennam
- Malayo-Chamic
  - Proto-Chamic: *nam
    - Acehnese: nam
    - Coastal Chamic
      - Cham
        Eastern Cham: ꨘꩌ (nam), ꨘꨮꩌ (nem)
      - Haroi: nam
    - Highlands Chamic
      - Chru–Northern Chamic
        Northern Chamic
        Tsat: naːnʔ³³
      - Jarai–Rhade
        Jarai: năm
        Rade: năm
  - Proto-Malayic: *ənəm
    - Banjarese: anam
    - Kendayan: anam
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: enam, nam
      - Keninjal: enam
      - Mualang: enam
      - Seberuang: enam
    - Nuclear Malayic
      - Malay: enam
        Indonesian: enam
      - Brunei Malay: anam
      - Kedah Malay: enam, nam
      - Central Malay: enam
      - Minangkabau: anam
      - Negeri Sembilan Malay: onam
      - Pattani Malay: แน (nɛ)
    - Urak Lawoi': นัม (nam)
- Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa
  - Balinese: enem

External links

Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *ənəm

References

^ Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2006) “Numeral Systems in Formosan Languages”, in The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar‎, Routledge
^ Pater, Joe (2004) “Austronesian nasal substitution and other NC effects”, in NELS 34‎

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*enem”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

[Li2006-1] Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2006) “Numeral Systems in Formosan Languages”, in The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar‎, Routledge

[Pater2004-2] Pater, Joe (2004) “Austronesian nasal substitution and other NC effects”, in NELS 34‎