Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/annketi
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Alternative reconstructions
- *īnketi (assuming Narten present)
- *anketi (EDPC)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).[1]
One of the most controversial terms in Proto-Celtic to reconstruct, only outmatched by *essi in controversy. The main problem comes from the vowel of Old Irish ·icc, whose presence of i- is irregular, since all possible initials ank-, enk- and ink- all normally become éc- in Old Irish.
The mainstream reconstruction, *annketi, was introduced by Peter Schrijver in the 1990s and has remained the most popular theory since. It places faith in the assumption that *annk- would result in a different outcome in the daughter languages to that of *ank-. Kim McCone, rejecting the now-mainstream reconstruction, has attempted to position Middle Irish con·téici (“to freeze”) as counterevidence by reconstructing *tannketi for it, comparing the verb to Sanskrit तनक्ति (tanakti, “to coagulate”). However, EDPC points out that a pre-Irish denominal formation *tankīti is enough to beget con·téici, removing the supposed counterevidence.
Verb
*annketi[2]
- to reach
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *annkū | *annkemam | *īnxsū | *ānonka |
| 2nd singular | *annkesi | *annketās | *īnxsesi | *ānonkas? |
| 3rd singular | *annketi | *annketo | *īnxseti | *ānonke |
| 1st plural | *annkomosi | *annkemo | *īnxsomosi | *ānonkmo |
| 2nd plural | *annketesi | *annkestē | *īnxsetesi | *ānonxte |
| 3rd plural | *annkonti | *annkento | *īnxsonti | *ānonkars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *īnxsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *īnxsesi | ? | *annke | |
| 3rd singular | *īnxseti | ? | *annketou | |
| 1st plural | *īnxsomosi | ? | *annkomos | |
| 2nd plural | *īnxsetesi | ? | *annkete | |
| 3rd plural | *īnxsonti | ? | *annkontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *annkūr | — | *īnxsūr | *ānonkra |
| 2nd singular | *annketar | — | *īnxsetar | *ānonkras? |
| 3rd singular | *annketor | ? | *īnxsetor | *ānonkre |
| 1st plural | *annkommor | — | *īnxsommor | ? |
| 2nd plural | *annkedwe | — | *īnxsedwe | ? |
| 3rd plural | *annkontor | ? | *īnxsontor | ? |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *īnxsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *īnxsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *īnxsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *īnxsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *īnxsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *īnxsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *anxtos | *anxtou | *anxtoi |
| vocative | *anxte | *anxtou | *anxtoi |
| accusative | *anxtom | *anxtou | *anxtoms |
| genitive | *anxtī | *anxtous | *anxtom |
| dative | *anxtūi | *anxtobom | *anxtobos |
| instrumental | *anxtū | *anxtobim | *anxtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *anxtā | *anxtai | *anxtās |
| vocative | *anxtā | *anxtai | *anxtās |
| accusative | *anxtam | *anxtai | *anxtams |
| genitive | *anxtās | *anxtous | *anxtom |
| dative | *anxtai | *anxtābom | *anxtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *anxtābim | *anxtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *anxtom | *anxtou | *anxtā |
| vocative | *anxtom | *anxtou | *anxtā |
| accusative | *anxtom | *anxtou | *anxtā |
| genitive | *anxtī | *anxtous | *anxtom |
| dative | *anxtūi | *anxtobom | *anxtobos |
| instrumental | *anxtū | *anxtobim | *anxtobis |
Derived terms
Related terms
- *onkos
- *komɸroankom
- *komonxtom, *komonxtyom
- *komonxtākos
- Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃oɨθọg
- Old Cornish: chefuidoc
- Middle Welsh: kyuoethawc
- Welsh: cyfoethog
- Old Irish: cumachtach
- Irish: cumhachtach
- Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃oɨθọg
Descendants
- Old Irish: ·icc (in various derived verbs)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ank-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 200-204