Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gʷaros

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 This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-; whether this root is the same root as the one meaning "warm" is disputed.[1]

  • Binchy,[1] Matasović[2] and Gordon[3] stand by identifying the root of this word as *gʷʰer- (“warm”).
  • Schrijver denies any relation to *gʷʰer- (“warm”), but instead reconstructs a homophonous root meaning "to compensate, be worth something", and links this to Germanic derivatives of Proto-Germanic *werþaz (“worth”); this putative root would unlikely to be of Proto-Indo-European provenance.[4] Irslinger agrees with Schrijver.[5]

Adjective

*gʷaros

  1. dutiful
  2. pious

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *gʷaros *gʷarou *gʷaroi
vocative *gʷare *gʷarou *gʷaroi
accusative *gʷarom *gʷarou *gʷaroms
genitive *gʷarī *gʷarous *gʷarom
dative *gʷarūi *gʷarobom *gʷarobos
instrumental *gʷarū *gʷarobim *gʷarobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *gʷarā *gʷarai *gʷarās
vocative *gʷarā *gʷarai *gʷarās
accusative *gʷaram *gʷarai *gʷarams
genitive *gʷarās *gʷarous *gʷarom
dative *gʷarai *gʷarābom *gʷarābos
instrumental *? *gʷarābim *gʷarābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *gʷarom *gʷarou *gʷarā
vocative *gʷarom *gʷarou *gʷarā
accusative *gʷarom *gʷarou *gʷarā
genitive *gʷarī *gʷarous *gʷarom
dative *gʷarūi *gʷarobom *gʷarobos
instrumental *gʷarū *gʷarobim *gʷarobis
Declension of the comparative
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *gʷaryūs *? *gʷaryoses
vocative *gʷaryūs *? *gʷaryoses
accusative *gʷaryosam *? *gʷaryosams
genitive *gʷarisos *? *gʷarisom
dative *gʷarisei *? *gʷarisbos
instrumental *gʷarisī *? *gʷarisbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *gʷaryūs *? *gʷaryoses
vocative *gʷaryūs *? *gʷaryoses
accusative *gʷaryosam *? *gʷaryosams
genitive *gʷarisos *? *gʷarisom
dative *gʷarisei *? *gʷarisbos
instrumental *gʷarisī *? *gʷarisbis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *gʷaryos *? *gʷaryosa?
vocative *gʷaryos *? *gʷaryosa?
accusative *gʷaryos *? *gʷaryosa?
genitive *gʷarisos *? *gʷarisom
dative *gʷarisei *? *gʷarisbos
instrumental *gʷarisī *? *gʷarisbis

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Proto-Brythonic: *gwar
    • Middle Breton: goar (“weak, soft, humble”)
      • Breton: gwar (“free time, leisure”)
    • Middle Welsh: gwar (“civilized, gentle”)
  • Old Irish: gor (“pious, dutiful, filial”)
    • Middle Irish: gor (“pious, dutiful, filial”)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 McCone, Kim (1996) Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change, Maynooth: Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, →ISBN, page 38
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gʷariyā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144
  3. ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 37
  4. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1996) “OIr. Gor 'Pious, Dutiful': Meaning and Etymology”, in Ériu‎, volume 47, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 193–204
  5. ^ Irslinger, Britta Sofie (2002) Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN, page 216
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