Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tarkëdak
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *tarke- (“to shiver, tremble”).
Verb
- to (be able to) withstand the cold, to be warm enough (in order not to shiver with cold)
- to dare
- Synonyms: *rohtidak, *tohtidak, *uskaltadak
Inflection
Inflection of *tarkëdak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *targën | *targin | — | *tarkëgon |
| 2nd sing. | *targët | *targit | *targëk | *tarkëgos |
| 3rd sing. | *tarkëbi *tarki |
*tarki | *tarkëgasën | *tarkëgosën |
| 1st plur. | *targëkmëk *targëkmak |
*tarkimëk *tarkimak |
*tarkëgatëmëk *tarkëgatamak |
*tarkëgotëmëk *tarkëgotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *targëktëk *targëktak |
*tarkidëk *tarkidak |
*tarkëgatë *tarkëgata |
*tarkëgot'ëk *tarkëgotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *tarkëbat *tarki |
*tarki | *tarkëgasën | *tarkëgosën |
| passive | *targëksën *targët'aksën |
*tarkëdisën *targëttisën |
*tarkëdakahën *targëttakahën |
*tarkëdakohën *targëttakohën |
| connegative | *targëk | — | *tarkëgak | *tarkëgok |
| passive connegative | *targëktak | — | *tarkëdagak *targëttagak |
*tarkëdagok *targëttagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *targëkcin | *tarkicin | *tarkënën | |
| 2nd sing. | *targëkcit | *tarkicit | *tarkënët | |
| 3rd sing. | *targëkci | *tarkici | *tarkëni | |
| 1st plur. | *targëkcimëk *targëkcimak |
*tarkicimëk *tarkicimak |
*tarkënëmëk *tarkënëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *targëkcidëk *targëkcidak |
*tarkicidëk *tarkicidak |
*tarkënëdëk *tarkënëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *targëkci | *tarkici | *tarkëni | |
| passive | *tarkëdakcihën *targët'akcihën |
*tarkëdicihën *targëtticihën |
*tarkëdanëhën *targëttanëhën | |
| connegative | *targëkcik | *tarkicik | *tarkënëk | |
| passive connegative | *tarkëdakcik *targët'akcik |
*tarkëdicik *targëtticik |
*tarkëdanëk *targëttanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *tarkëdak | present | *tarkëba | *tarkëdapa *targëttapa |
| infinitive 2 | *tarkëdë- | past | *tarkënut | *tarkëdu *targëttu |
| gerund/supine | *tarkëma | |||
| action noun | *tarkëminen | |||
Descendants
From *tarkëdak:
From *targët'ak (+ *-t'ak):
- ⇒ Estonian: targenema/targeneda
- Finnish: tarjeta, (dialectal) tareta
- → Proto-Samic: *tārjëtēk
- Ingrian: tareta
- Karelian:
- Livvi: tarreta
- Votic: ⇒ tarkõnõssõ
References
Further reading
- “targema”, in Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
- Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “tarjeta”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN