Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ūraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*uzrô^[1]
*ūrô; (later) *ūruz^[2]^[3]

Etymology

Uncertain; hypotheses include:

Cognate with Sanskrit उष्ट्र (úṣṭra, “buffalo”), Persian (oštor), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)us-r-(en-) (“(red) bull, aurochs”), from *h₂ews-r- (“dawn”) after its reddish color.^[1] (See *austraz.)
From Proto-Indo-European *(u)rs-én- (“male animal”).^[2]^[3] Kroonen assumes that the an-stem form is original and was replaced dialectally by a u-stem, to which he finds a parallel development in *arô (“eagle”).
From Proto-Indo-European *awǝ-, *ewǝ- (“flowing water”), analogous to the derivation of *uhsô. If so, then related to Old Norse úr (“dampness, fine rain, drizzle”), Old English ēar (“sea, ocean”). (See *auraz, *ūrą.) (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*ūraz m

aurochs

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *ūraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*ūraz	ūrōz, ūrōs
vocative	*ūr	ūrōz, ūrōs
accusative	*ūrą	*ūranz
genitive	ūras, ūris	*ūrǫ̂
dative	*ūrai	*ūramaz
instrumental	*ūrō	*ūramiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *ūr
- Old English: ūr
  - Middle English: oure
- Old Saxon: *ūr
  - Middle Low German: ûr
    - German Low German: Ur
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse
      - → Swedish: uroxe
- Old Dutch: *ūr, uor
  - Middle Dutch: *uur
    - ⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once) (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
- Old High German: ūro
  - Middle High German: ūr
    - German: Ur
  - ⇒ Old High German: ūrohso
    - Middle High German: ūrochse
      - German: Auerochse
        → English: aurochs
      - → Middle Dutch: oeros
        Dutch: oeros
Old Norse: úrr
Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍃 (urs)
→? Latin: urus
- → Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros)
- Catalan: ur
- → English: ure, urus
- French: ure
- Italian: uro
- Portuguese: uro
- Spanish: uro
→? Proto-Finnic: *uros (see there for further descendants)
→? Proto-Samic: *orēs (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2012) “The Germanic reflexes of PIE *-sr- in the context of Verner's Law”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegard Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, page 120
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ūru-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 561
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ūruz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

[Gąsiorowski-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2012) “The Germanic reflexes of PIE *-sr- in the context of Verner's Law”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegard Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, page 120

[Kroonen-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ūru-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 561

[Orel-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ūruz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

[1]

[2]

[3]

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ūraz

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