Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ginnaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Unclear, the root has often been traced to Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to take”), e.g. by LIV. Kroonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, begin”), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (“to begin”) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (“first”). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (“to gape, to yawn”) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-.
Pronunciation
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *ginnō | *ginnaų | — | *ginnai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *ginnizi | *ginnaiz | *ginn | *ginnazai | *ginnaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *ginnidi | *ginnai | *ginnadau | *ginnadai | *ginnaidau | |
| 1st dual | *ginnōz | *ginnaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *ginnadiz | *ginnaidiz | *ginnadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *ginnamaz | *ginnaim | — | *ginnandai | *ginnaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *ginnid | *ginnaid | *ginnid | *ginnandai | *ginnaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *ginnandi | *ginnain | *ginnandau | *ginnandai | *ginnaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *gann | *gunnį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *gannt | *gunnīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *gann | *gunnī | ||||
| 1st dual | *gunnū | *gunnīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *gunnudiz | *gunnīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *gunnum | *gunnīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *gunnud | *gunnīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gunnun | *gunnīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *ginnandz | *gunnanaz | ||||
Descendants
The verb has no attested unprefixed descendants.
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anaginnan
- Old High German: *anaginnan
- Middle High German: aneginnen
- Old High German: *anaginnan
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andaginnan (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *biginnan (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaginnan
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *inginnan
- Old English: inginnan
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *undarginnan
- Old English: underginnan
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uʀginnan
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (duginnan)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ginnan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 178
- ^ Corinna Scheungraber, Zur Lexikalisierung präfigierter Verben im Germanischen
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gennanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 132