Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grōtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *grētaną +‎ *-janą.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɔː.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grōtijaną^[1]^[2]

to cause to weep; make cry
to scold
to address (an issue)
to address (an individual); greet

Inflection

Conjugation of *grōtijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*grōtijō	*grōtijaų	—	*grōtijai	?
2nd singular	*grōtīsi	*grōtijais	*grōtī	*grōtijasai	*grōtijaisau
3rd singular	*grōtīþi	*grōtijai	*grōtijaþau	*grōtijaþai	*grōtijaiþau
1st dual	*grōtijōs	*grōtijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grōtijaþiz	*grōtijaiþiz	*grōtijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*grōtijamaz	*grōtijaim	—	*grōtijanþai	*grōtijainþau
2nd plural	*grōtīþ	*grōtijaiþ	*grōtīþ	*grōtijanþai	*grōtijainþau
3rd plural	*grōtijanþi	*grōtijain	*grōtijanþau	*grōtijanþai	*grōtijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grōtidǭ	*grōtidēdį̄
2nd singular	*grōtidēz	*grōtidēdīz
3rd singular	*grōtidē	*grōtidēdī
1st dual	*grōtidēdū	*grōtidēdīw
2nd dual	*grōtidēdudiz	*grōtidēdīdiz
1st plural	*grōtidēdum	*grōtidēdīm
2nd plural	*grōtidēdud	*grōtidēdīd
3rd plural	*grōtidēdun	*grōtidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*grōtijandz	*grōtidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *grōtijan
- Old English: grētan
  - Middle English: greten
    - English: greet
    - Scots: grete, greit
- Old Frisian: grēta
  - Saterland Frisian: gröitje
  - West Frisian: groetsje
- Old Saxon: grōtian
  - Middle Low German: grö̂ten
    - German Low German: gröten
- Old Dutch: *gruoten
  - Middle Dutch: groeten, gruten
    - Dutch: groeten
      - Afrikaans: groet
      - Negerhollands: groet, gruet, groetnes
      - → Caribbean Javanese: khrut
- Old High German: gruozen, gruozzen
  - Middle High German: grüezen
    - Alemannic German: grüesse
    - Bavarian: griaßn
    - Cimbrian: grüazan, grüusan (Sette Comuni)
    - German: grüßen
    - Luxembourgish: gréissen
- →? Vulgar Latin: *grōtiāre
  - Old French: grocier, grucier, groucier, grouchier
    - → Middle English: grouchen, grucchen
      - English: grouch, grutch, grudge, grouse
      - Scots: gruch, grutch, grunch
Old Norse: grǿta, grœta
- Icelandic: græta
- Faroese: grøta
- Norwegian Nynorsk: grøta
- Old Swedish: grø̄ta

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grōtjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒrōtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 144

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grōtjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒrōtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 144

[1]

[2]