Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harjaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker- (“army”). Cognate with Old Irish cuire (“troop, host, company; muster”), Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /⁠kāra⁠/, “people of war, army”).^[1]

Possibly attested as a vocative or combining form hari on Negau B, a helmet dated to 450–350 BCE (although the inscription may have been added much later with a terminus ante quem of 50 BCE, when the hoard was buried). First attested with certainty as runic harja (2nd century, Vimose), although the latter inscription may be considered to postdate Proto-Germanic.

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑr.jɑz/

*harjaz m

1. army
2. army leader; commander; warrior

• *harisjaz
• *harjanaz
• *harjōną

• Proto-West Germanic: *hari
  • Old English: here
    • Middle English: here
      • Scots: here, heir, heyr
  • Old Frisian: here, hire
    • Saterland Frisian: Heer
    • West Frisian: hear
  • Old Saxon: heri
    • Middle Low German: hēre, hēr
  • Old Dutch: heri (in placenames)
    • Middle Dutch: here
      • Dutch: heer, heir
        • Afrikaans: heer
  • Old High German: heri
    • Middle High German: here, her
      • German: Heer
• Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ) (attested in ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja) and ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /⁠Swābaharjaz⁠/))
  • Old Norse: herr, -arr (in names)
    • Icelandic: her
    • Faroese: herur
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: her
    • Old Swedish: hær
      • Swedish: här
    • Danish: hær
      • Norwegian Bokmål: hær
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: hær
• East Germanic:
  • Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis)
  • Vandalic: *haris
• →? Proto-Finnic: *karja (see there for further descendants)