Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hramō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krem-, which appears to be a derivative of *(s)ker- (“to cut”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *krōmà (“edge, boundary; slice”).^[1] An alternative theory links the root to Proto-Indo-European *ḱremh₂- (“to hang”), whence Ancient Greek κρεμάννῡμῐ (kremánnūmi, “to hang up”) (though Beekes is skeptical of this comparison).^[2]

Noun

*hramō f

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *hramō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hramō	*hramôz
vocative	*hramō	*hramôz
accusative	*hramǭ	*hramōz
genitive	*hramōz	*hramǫ̂
dative	*hramōi	*hramōmaz
instrumental	*hramō	*hramōmiz

Derived terms

*hramjō (“pole, javelin, spear”)
- →? Latin: framea
  - → English: framea (learned)
  - → French: framée (learned)
  - → Italian: framea (learned)
*hramjaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hramu
- Old Frisian: *hrame, *hrama
  - Saterland Frisian: Roome
  - West Frisian: raam
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: hramkorf, raemkorf (“basket-shaped fishing net”) (raemkorf perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch raem)
- Old Saxon: hrama, rama f
  - Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m
    - German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m
    - Plautdietsch: Rämen m
    - → Danish: ramme
    - → Estonian: raam
    - → Faroese: ramma
    - → Icelandic: ramma
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: ramme
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme
    - → Old Swedish: rama
      - Swedish: ram
    - → Scanian: ramme
- Old Dutch: *rama
  - Middle Dutch: rāme, raem, raam m or f
    - Dutch: raam, ramen
    - → Old French: raime
      - Middle French: ranme
        French: rame
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: geraemte, geremte
      - Dutch: geraamte
        Afrikaans: geraamte
        → West Frisian: ramt, raamt
        → German: Geraamte, Geraamt (dialectal)
      - Limburgish: geraems, jerems
- Old High German: rama, ram m or f
  - > Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
    - Alemannic German: Ramme
    - German: Rahmen m, Ramen, Rahme, Rame (obsolete)
      - → Czech: rám
      - → Romanian: ramă
      - → Russian: рама (rama)
    - Luxembourgish: Rumm
    - Vilamovian: raom
    - → Old Polish: rama, ram
      - Polish: rama
        → Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
        → Kashubian: rama
        → Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
        → Azerbaijani: rama
        → Ingush: рама (rama)
        → Yakut: араама (araama)
        → Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
      - Silesian: rama, rōma
- >? Vulgar Latin: *frama
  - Old French: frame
    - →? Middle English: frame
      - English: frame
      - ⇒ Middle English: framen (“to frame (a building)”)
        English: frame

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hraman-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρεμάννυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 775

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hraman-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρεμάννυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 775

[1]

[2]