Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrewwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *hrewaną

Of uncertain origin.^[1] Appears to trace back to a Proto-Indo-European *krew(H)-, with no secure extra-Germanic cognates.^[2] Theories include connections to Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood”),^[1] as well as to *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). In the latter case, cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”).^[3]

• IPA^(key): /ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃/

*hrewwaną^[2][1]

1. to grieve, to feel sorrow
2. to cause regret, to rue

• *hriwwiz
• *hrewwō
• *hrewwōną
• *hriwwijaną

• Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
  • Old English: hrēowan
    • Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
      • English: rue
      • Scots: rew
  • Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
    • West Frisian: rouwe
  • Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
    • Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
      • Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
  • Old Dutch: *riuwan
    • Middle Dutch: rouwen
      • Dutch: rouwen
        • Afrikaans: rou
      • Limburgish: roewe
  • Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
    • Middle High German: riuwen
      • Alemannic German: rüüwe
      • German: reuen
• Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
  • Icelandic: hryggja
  • Faroese: ryggja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja