Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/reudaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *reudō | *reudaų | — | *reudai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *riudizi | *reudaiz | *reud | *reudazai | *reudaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *riudidi | *reudai | *reudadau | *reudadai | *reudaidau | |
| 1st dual | *reudōz | *reudaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *reudadiz | *reudaidiz | *reudadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *reudamaz | *reudaim | — | *reudandai | *reudaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *riudid | *reudaid | *riudid | *reudandai | *reudaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *reudandi | *reudain | *reudandau | *reudandai | *reudaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *raud | *rudį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *raust | *rudīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *raud | *rudī | ||||
| 1st dual | *rudū | *rudīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *rududiz | *rudīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *rudum | *rudīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *rudud | *rudīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *rudun | *rudīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *reudandz | *rudanaz | ||||
Related terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *Hrewdʰ- (“to clear out”), though with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. The main cited possible cognate is Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀 (raoiδiia, “(possibly) to be made arable”), though this is uncertain due to the Avestan term itself having an uncertain interpretation. Said root has been linked to Proto-Indo-European *(H)rewH- (“to dig out”) (whence also Latin ruo (“I dig out”), Proto-Slavic *rъvati (“to tear”)).
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *reudō | *reudaų | — | *reudai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *riudizi | *reudaiz | *reud | *reudazai | *reudaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *riudidi | *reudai | *reudadau | *reudadai | *reudaidau | |
| 1st dual | *reudōz | *reudaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *reudadiz | *reudaidiz | *reudadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *reudamaz | *reudaim | — | *reudandai | *reudaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *riudid | *reudaid | *riudid | *reudandai | *reudaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *reudandi | *reudain | *reudandau | *reudandai | *reudaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *raud | *rudį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *raust | *rudīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *raud | *rudī | ||||
| 1st dual | *rudū | *rudīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *rududiz | *rudīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *rudum | *rudīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *rudud | *rudīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *rudun | *rudīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *reudandz | *rudanaz | ||||
Related terms
Descendants
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*reudan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 410: “s.v. ‘to make red’”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*reuđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 302
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*reudan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 410: “s.v. ‘to clear, remove, eradicate’”
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “rode”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute