Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skapjaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Of uncertain origin; the mechanical reconstruction of a supposed Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- yields no formal cognates, in addition to containing a final *-b. Kroonen tentatively supports Lehmann's suggestion of derivation from *skappōną (“to scrape”), itself the iterative form of *skabaną (“to shave, scrape”). The semantic shift from "to scrape, hollow out" > "to form" is reasonable, albeit not very trivial. Compare also Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (ufarskafts, “first fruits”), which appears to be a derivative of *skapjaną.
Pronunciation
Verb
*skapjaną
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *skapjō | *skapjaų | — | *skapjai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *skapisi | *skapjais | *skapi | *skapjasai | *skapjaisau | |
| 3rd singular | *skapiþi | *skapjai | *skapjaþau | *skapjaþai | *skapjaiþau | |
| 1st dual | *skapjōs | *skapjaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *skapjaþiz | *skapjaiþiz | *skapjaþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *skapjamaz | *skapjaim | — | *skapjanþai | *skapjainþau | |
| 2nd plural | *skapiþ | *skapjaiþ | *skapiþ | *skapjanþai | *skapjainþau | |
| 3rd plural | *skapjanþi | *skapjain | *skapjanþau | *skapjanþai | *skapjainþau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *skōp | *skōpį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *skōft | *skōpīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *skōp | *skōpī | ||||
| 1st dual | *skōpū | *skōpīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *skōpudiz | *skōpīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *skōpum | *skōpīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *skōpud | *skōpīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *skōpun | *skōpīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *skapjandz | *skapanaz | ||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *skappjan
- Old English: sċieppan, sċippan — Early West Saxon, sċyppan — Late West Saxon, sċeppan — Anglian, Kentish
- Old Frisian: skeppa
- Old Saxon: skeppian
- Old Dutch: skeppen
- Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen
- Old Norse: skapa, skepja
- Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (from *gaskapjaną)
- Vandalic: *skapjan, scapia
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skap(j)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440