Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰebʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*gʰebʰ-

1. to give
2. to take

• Formerly taken as equivalent to *gʰeh₁bʰ- until the advent of the laryngeal theory.^[1] A reconstruction *gʰHebʰ- may also be possible, but it is not favored.
• Some scholars maintain the traditional reconstruction of *gʰabʰ-, arguing that the two should not be arbitrarily separated.^[2]

• *gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)^[3][4]
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei
    • Eastern Baltic:
      • Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)^[3]
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Eastern Baltic:
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)
• *gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)
  • ⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gábʰastiṣ
        • Sanskrit: गभस्ति (gábhasti)
• >? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és (“head”), *gʰébʰ-ōl
• Unsorted formations:
  • >? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)
  • >? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)
  • >? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)