Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésh₂r̥
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
- *ésh₂r̥[1]
- *h₁ḗsh₂r̥
Reconstruction
On the basis of plene spelling in Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (e-eš-ḫar), Melchert (1984: 92) reconstructs the form *h₁ḗsh₂r̥ which is refuted by Kloekhorst (2008: 259).
The full-grade suffix syllable is visible in Latin san-guen (< *h₁sh₂en-). Sanskrit अस्नस् (asnás) is a secondary innovation and not evidence for PIE *h₁esh₂nós with zero grade in the suffix syllable and accented full grade in the ending. Also Hittite genitive singular 𒅖𒄩𒈾𒀸 (išḫanāš) rather reflects PIE *h₁esh₂enós with secondary hysterodynamic accentuation of an original proterodynamic word (similar to 𒌓𒋻 (uttar, “word”) and 𒁁𒋻 (pattar, “basket”)).
Noun
*h₁ésh₂r̥ n[2]
- (flowing) blood
Usage notes
PIE distinguished two roots for “blood”, depending on whether it was found inside the body or outside. The former was *h₁ésh₂r̥, the latter *krewh₂-. The lexical distinction between the two is argued to indicate two distinct metaphorical sets, which have been preserved in various derivatives and extensions in the daughters.
The root *h₁ésh₂r̥ has been associated with the notion of life-giving bodily fluid, and also with the patrilineal line in kinship terminology.
On the other hand, the root *krewh₂- yielded words signifying aggression (e. g. in derivatives such as Latin crūdēlis (“cruel”) and Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō, “to beat, whip, crush”)) and dying, seen metaphorically in terms for the hardening (or freezing) of “outside blood” (e. g. in derivatives such as Latin crusta (“crust”), Old Irish crúaid (“hard”), Latvian kreve (“coagulated blood”) and Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “cold”)). The semantic field was thus associated with wounding, death, and drying out or hardening of the body.
Inflection
| Athematic, proterokinetic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | collective | |||
| nominative | *h₁ésh₂r̥ | *h₁ésh₂ōr | ||
| genitive | *h₁sh₂éns | *h₁sh₂nés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | collective | |
| nominative | *h₁ésh₂r̥ | — | — | *h₁ésh₂ōr |
| vocative | *h₁ésh₂r̥ | — | — | *h₁ésh₂ōr |
| accusative | *h₁ésh₂r̥ | — | — | *h₁ésh₂ōr |
| genitive | *h₁sh₂éns | — | — | *h₁sh₂nés |
| ablative | *h₁sh₂éns | — | — | *h₁sh₂nés |
| dative | *h₁sh₂éney | — | — | *h₁sh₂néy |
| locative | *h₁sh₂én, *h₁sh₂éni | — | — | *h₁sh₂én, *h₁sh₂éni |
| instrumental | *h₁sh₂énh₁ | — | — | *h₁sh₂néh₁ |
Synonyms
- *krewh₂- (“blood (outside the body)”)
Derived terms
- *h₁sh₂én-ih₂ ~ *h₁sh₂n̥-yéh₂-s[3]
- *h₁sh₂n̥-ǵʰw-ḗn
- *h₁sh₂n̥-gʷh₃-o-m
- (perhaps) *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m[6]
- (perhaps) *swésōr (< *su-h₁ésh₂ōr)
- *h₁sh₂n̥-wént-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒅖𒄩𒉡𒉿𒀭𒍝 (iš-ḫa-nu-wa-an-za)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- *h₁sh₂r̥-wént-s
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒅖𒄯𒉿𒀭𒍝 (iš-ḫar-wa-an-za)
- Proto-Anatolian:
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésHr̥ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Armenian: *ehar[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asn̥-
- Proto-Hellenic: *éhər (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásHr̥ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *aser
- Proto-Tocharian: *yä́sar
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*saniēs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 538
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*sanguīs, -inis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 537-538
- ^ Loma, Aleksandar (2002) “Aus der skythisch-sakischen Lehnwortforschung”, in Stachowski, Marek, editor, Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, volume 7, Kraków: University of Kraków, page 198: “Jatvingian word for ‘blood’, ʃi.ga [read: si<n>ga],”
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*isarno-/*īsarno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ariwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 138
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 256ff
- Craig H. Melchert, (1984), Studies in Hittite Historical Phonology, Göttingen.
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 71