Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁yaǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₁yaǵ-^[1]^[2]

to sacrifice
to worship

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁yeh₂ǵ-,^[2], *Hyaǵ-^[3]^[4] *yag-,^[5] *yaǵ-,^[6] *yeh₂ǵ-^[7]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁yaǵ- (26 c, 0 e)

>? *h₁iǵ-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)^[4]^[7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: (“to worship?; to make, perform”)
    Anatolian hieroglyphic script: (/⁠izi-⁠/)
*h₁yáǵ-e-ti (root thematic present)^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)
*h₁yā́ǵ-s-t ~ h₁yáǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyā́ȷ́št
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyā́ȷ́ṣṭ
    - Sanskrit: अयाट् (áyāṭ, 3sg.act.) (later अयाक्षीत् (áyākṣīt)), अयष्ट (áyaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)
*h₁yáǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)^[6]^[8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *haďďomai
  - Ancient Greek: ἅζομαι (házomai)
- Proto-Italic: *jagjō ~ *jagjentō^[6]^[8]
  - Latin: ieientō, ientō (“to have breakfast”) (see there for further descendants)
>? *h₁ya-né-ǵ-ti ~ h₁ya-n-ǵ-énti (nasal infix)^[9]
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: yāṅk- (“to be deluded; to cast a spell on, bewitch”)
*h₁yaǵ-nós
- Proto-Hellenic: *hagnós
  - Ancient Greek: ἁγνός (hagnós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyaȷ́nás (see there for further descendants)
*h₁yáǵ-u-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́uš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́uṣ
    - Sanskrit: यजुस् (yájus, “veneration, worship, sacerdotal formula”)
*h₁yáǵ-yo-s^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *hágijos
  - Ancient Greek: ἅγιος (hágios)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yas
    - Sanskrit: यज्य (yájya)
*h₁yáǵ-yu-s^[6]^[8]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yuṣ
    - Sanskrit: यज्यु (yájyu, “worshipping, devout; worthy of worship, adorable”)
- Proto-Italic: *jagjus^[6]^[8]
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *jagjūnos^[6]^[8]
    - Latin: iaiūnus, ieiūnus (“fasting, abstinent”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: यज् (yaj)

References

^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*h₁i̯ag̑-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 264: “*h₁i̯a(h₂)g̑-”
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 131, 255
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯ag̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 224
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯ag-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 501-502
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Forssman, Bernhard (1993) “Lateinisch ieiunus und ieientare”, in Meiser, pages 95-105: “*i̯ag̑-”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (1981) “Gr. pḗgnumi : Skt. pajrá- and loss of laryngeals before mediae in Indo-Iranian.”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, volume 40, page 135: “*i̯eh₂g̑-”
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ieiūnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 296-297
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yāṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 526-527

[1] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*h₁i̯ag̑-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎

[Byrd-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 264: “*h₁i̯a(h₂)g̑-”

[3] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 131, 255

[LIV-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯ag̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 224

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯ag-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 501-502

[Forssman-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Forssman, Bernhard (1993) “Lateinisch ieiunus und ieientare”, in Meiser, pages 95-105: “*i̯ag̑-”

[Lubotsky-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (1981) “Gr. pḗgnumi : Skt. pajrá- and loss of laryngeals before mediae in Indo-Iranian.”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, volume 40, page 135: “*i̯eh₂g̑-”

[EDL-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ieiūnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 296-297

[9] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yāṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 526-527

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