Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yéwos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence Tocharian B yu-.

Noun

*yéwos n (non-ablauting)^[1]^[2]^[3]

cereal, grain
Synonyms: *dʰoHnéh₂, *ǵr̥h₂nóm
barley, spelt
Synonyms: *ǵʰrésdʰi, *h₂élbʰit

Inflection

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*yéwos
genitive	*yéwesos
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yéwos	*yéwesih₁	*yéwōs
vocative	*yéwos	*yéwesih₁	*yéwōs
accusative	*yéwos	*yéwesih₁	*yéwōs
genitive	*yéwesos	*?	*yéwesoHom
ablative	*yéwesos	*?	yéwesmos, yéwesbʰos
dative	*yéwesey	*?	yéwesmos, yéwesbʰos
locative	yéwes, yéwesi	*?	*yéwesu
instrumental	*yéwesh₁	*?	yéwesmis, yéwesbʰis

Alternative reconstructions

*yéwh₁os^[4]^[5]

Derived terms

*yéw-ih₂ ~ *yu-yéh₂-s^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzeyyā́
  - Ancient Greek: (“spelt”)
    Epic Greek: ζειά (zeiá)
    
    Cretan Ancient Greek: δηαί (dēaí)
*yéw-it^[4] or *yéw-o-m^[7]
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: yap (“dressed barley”)
    - → Tocharian A: yap^[7]
*yéw-ō^[8]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite 𒂊𒉿𒀭 (^UDÚLe-wa-an /⁠ewan⁠/, “kind of grain; soup made of a kind of grain”)

Descendants

Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: ջով (ǰov, “sprout”)^[9]^[10]
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: jãvas sg, javaĩ pl
>? Proto-Celtic: *yewos (“barley, spelt”)^[11]
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - >? Breton: yell m
- ⇒? Proto-Celtic: *yewornyā^[4] (+^? *-rnyos, compare *agrinyos (“sloe”), or *wésornyā < *wósr̥ (“spring”)^[12]^[13])
  - Middle Irish: eórna f
    - Irish: eorna
    - Scottish Gaelic: eòrna
    - Manx: oarn
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwas (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯eu̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 512
^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2268: “*i̯eu̯o-”
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 164: “*yéw(e)s-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Blažek, Václav (2012) “On Indo-European ‘barley’”, in Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, published 2016
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ζειαί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 497-498
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 187: “PIE *(H?)yew-iH₂”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yap”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 519-520
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, ^(UDÚL)eu̯an-/mode/1up?view=theater page ^(UDÚL)eu̯an- of 263-264
^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “ջով”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 131ab
^ Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1055
^ Koch, John (2004) “*jewā-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 148
^ de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 138
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯eu̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 512

[2] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2268: “*i̯eu̯o-”

[3] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 164: “*yéw(e)s-”

[Blazek-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Blažek, Václav (2012) “On Indo-European ‘barley’”, in Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, published 2016

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ζειαί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 497-498

[6] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 187: “PIE *(H?)yew-iH₂”

[Adams-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yap”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 519-520

[8] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, ^(UDÚL)eu̯an-/mode/1up?view=theater page ^(UDÚL)eu̯an- of 263-264

[9] Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “ջով”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 131ab

[10] Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1055

[11] Koch, John (2004) “*jewā-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 148

[12] Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 138

[13] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343

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