Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/carHdáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts

Proto-Iranian *carHdáh

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- (“to warm up, to be hot”).^[1]^[2] Cognate with Latin caleō (“to be warm”).

Noun

*carHdáh f

autumn, summer
year

Derived terms

*nawahcarHdah (“new year”)
- Khwarezmian: نوسارڅ (nwsʾrc /⁠nawsārc⁠/)
- Sogdian: *nawēsarδ
  - → Classical Persian: نوسرذ (nawsarδ, “the new year celecbration”) (Albiruni's books)
- Parthian: *nawāgsarδ
  - → Old Armenian: նաւասարդ (nawasard)
  - → Aramaic: (nwsrdʾ /⁠nawsardā⁠/, “new year”)
- Middle Persian: (nwksʾł /⁠nōgsāl⁠/)
  - Classical Persian: نوسال (nawsāl)
    Dari: نوسال (nawsāl)
    
    Iranian Persian: نوسال (nowsāl)
    
    Tajik: навсол (navsol)
*upacarHdáh (“spring”)
- Sogdian: ܐܦܣܐܪܠ (ʾpsʾrδ /⁠əpsarδ⁠/, “the new year festival”)
- Pashto: پسرلۍ (pserláy, “spring”)
- Yidgha: فسیدرو (fsīdro, “spring”)
- Mazanderani: اوسر (avasor, “spring”)
- Talysh: (/⁠avasōr⁠/, “spring”)
  Latin script: əvəsor
  
  Arabic script: اوسور
- Parthian: *aβsarδ
  - → Old Armenian: աւսարդ (awsard)
- Zazaki: usar (usār, “spring”)
- Middle Persian: (ʾpsʾł /⁠afsāl⁠/, “spring; new year festival, spring festival”)
  - Classical Persian: ابسال (absāl), آبسال (âbsâl)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (sar^əδa, “year”)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian:
  - Ossetian: (“summer”)
    Digor Ossetian: сӕрдӕ (særdæ)
    
    Iron Ossetian: сӕрд (særd)
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
    - Khotanese: (salä)
    - Wakhi: wəsərd
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: σαρλο (sarlo)
  - Khwarezmian: سرذ (srδ /⁠*sarδ⁠/)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠sarδ⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡𐫔 (srδ), 𐫘𐫡𐫕 (srδδ)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼼𐽀𐼹 (srδ)
    
    Syriac script: ܣܪܕ (srd), ܫܢܬ (ŠNT)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: پشېرلی (pšerláy, “young ram in the second year”), پشېرلی (pšerlë́y, “young ewe in the second year”)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Yidgha: اسال (asāl)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
    - Shughni: асӣд̌ (asīδ), асӣд (asīd), (Khufi, Rushani) (asoδ), (asöδ)
    - Yazghulami: асуд̌ (asuδ), асу̊д̌ (asůδ)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: سال (sál)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: sal
  
  Central Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)
  
  Southern Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)
  
  Laki: ساڵ (sall)
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian:
    - Mazanderani: سال (sāl)
    - Gilaki: سال (sāl)
  - Parthian: (/⁠sarδ, sār⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)
    
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭔𐭍𐭕 (ŠNT)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: երիտասարդ (eritasard)
  - Proto-Tatic:
    - Talysh:
      Latin script: sor
      
      Arabic script: سور
    - Old Tati:
      Old Azari: سور (sōr)
      - Harzani: سور (sor)
      - Karingani: سور (sōr)
  - Zaza-Gurani:
    - Gurani: ساڵ (sāł)
    - Zazaki: serre (sařa)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θrda⁠/, “year”)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠sāl⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)
    Book Pahlavi script: (ŠNT)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (ŠNT)
    Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 (ŠNT)
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: سال (sāl)
      Bakhtiari: سال (sāl)
      Southern Luri: سال (sāl)
    - Classical Persian: سال (sāl)
      - → Hindi: साल (sāl)
      - → Urdu: سال (sāl)
      - Iranian Persian: سال (sāl)
      - Dari: سال (sāl)
      - Tajik: сол (sol)
        → Yagnobi: сол (sol)
      - Bukhari: סאָל (sol)
      - Judeo-Tat:
        Cyrillic script: сал (sal)
        Hebrew script: סל (sl)
- Southwestern Fars:
  - Old Kazeruni: ثل (θal) (in older orthography) ^[3]

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śarád-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 616
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 414
^ Adib Tusi, M.A., 1381 AP / 2002 AD. Lahjeye Kâzeruniye qadim, Kâzeruniye. (in Persian)

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śarád-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 616

[2] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 414

[3] Adib Tusi, M.A., 1381 AP / 2002 AD. Lahjeye Kâzeruniye qadim, Kâzeruniye. (in Persian)

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