Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-

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 This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Kartvelian

Etymology

Usually considered a borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁ō.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, the nature of relationship with it, as well as with Proto-West Semitic *wayn-, Aghwan 𐕔𐔼 (fi), Bats ვეჼ (vẽ), and the first part of Hattic (finduqqaram, “wine-bearer”) may be more complicated.[9][10][11][12][13]

According to many, the borrowing occured via the (Pre-)Proto-Armenian ancestor of Old Armenian գինի (gini, “wine”), genitive գինւոյ (ginwoy), variously reconstructed as *ɣʷeinyo-, *ɣʷino- or *gwīníyo-.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Martirosyan describes the sound change Proto-Indo-European *w → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷ → Kartvelian *ɣw as impeccable[24] and observes it also in Proto-Indo-European *wi(H)- → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷi- (→ Old Armenian գի (gi, “juniper”)) → Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwiw-. According to others, however, the term was borrowed directly from Proto-Indo-European;[2] for example, Klimov (1998) agrees with the ultimate Proto-Indo-European origin of the word but denies derivation from Old Armenian գինի (gini), citing Diakonoff: "It cannot go back to Armenian gini because the change *w → g probably must have been accomplished there long before the first Kartvelian-Armenian contacts in the 7th–6th centuries B.C.".

Fähnrich, rejecting the Indo-European origin considered the word to be a native South Caucasian formation derived from the Proto-Kartvelian verbal root *ɣun- (“to bend”) (whence Georgian ღუნვა (ɣunva), გადაღუნავს (gadaɣunavs), etc).[30]

Even though agrohistorians regard the Caucasus and vicinity as the cradle of grape-growing and winemaking, this has not prevented Kartvelians from borrowing wine-related terminology from Indo-Europeans, for example in the cases of Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq- and Old Georgian ვაზი (vazi).

The ending of Svan ღვინ-ელ (ɣvin-el), ღვინ-ა̈ლ (ɣvin-äl) represents a petrified diminutive affix.

Alternative reconstructions

*ɣwn-[31]

Noun

*ɣwin(o)-

  1. wine

Reconstruction notes

If Svan ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl) is borrowed from Georgian, then *ɣwino- is reconstructible only to the Proto-Georgian-Zan stage.

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Gamkrelidze, Th. V., Ivanov, V. V. (1995) Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 80), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 560
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, p. 505+
  3. ^ Asya Pereltsvaig, Martin W. Lewis (2015). The Indo-European Controversy, Cambridge University Press, p. 193-195
  4. ^ Klimov, G. A. (1964) “ɣwino”, in Этимологический словарь картвельских языков [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Academy Press, pages 203–204
  5. ^ Климов, Г. А. (1981) “Несколько картвельских индоевропеизмов [Several Kartvelian Indo-Europeanisms]”, in Этимология‎ (in Russian), number 1979, Moscow: Nauka, pages 171–173
  6. ^ Klimov, G. A. (1998) “*ɣwino-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 227
  7. ^ Yoël L. Arbeitman (2000), The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter, Peeters Publishers.
  8. ^ Anna Siewierska (1998), Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  9. ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 42
  10. ^ Nichols, J. (1997) “The epicentre of the Indo-European linguistic spread”, in Blench, R., M. Spriggs, editors, Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations‎, London: Routledge, pages 126, 143
  11. ^ Fenwick, Rhona S. H. (2017) “An Indo-European origin of Kartvelian names for two maloid fruits”, in Asatrian, Garnik S., editors, Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 21, number 3, Brill, →DOI, page 311
  12. ^ Klimov, G. A. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 79-82
  13. ^ Schulze, Wolfgang (2001) The Udi Gospels: Annotated Text, Etymological Index, Lemmatized Concordance (Languages of the World/Text Library; 5)‎, Munich: Lincom Europa, page 277a
  14. ^ Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, page 458
  15. ^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971) “գինի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume I, Yerevan: University Press, page 559
  16. ^ Vogt, Hans (1938) “Arménien et Caucasique du Sud”, in Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap (in French), volume 9, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 334 of 321–338, with hesitation
  17. ^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1987) Hayocʻ lezvi patmutʻyun; naxagrayin žamanakašrǰan [History of the Armenian language: The Pre-Literary Period]‎ (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 346
  18. ^ Djahukian, Gevork B. (1990) “Did Armenians Live in Asia Anterior Before the Twelfth Century B.C.?”, in T. L. Markey and J. A. C. Greppin, editors, When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-Indo-Europeans, Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, page 31 of 25–33
  19. ^ Dolgopolsky, Aron (1987) “The Indo-European homeland and lexical contacts of proto-Indo-European with other languages”, in Mediterranean Language Review‎, volume 3, page 20 of 7–31
  20. ^ Gippert, Jost (1994) “Die Glottaltheorie und die Frage urindogermanisch-kaukasischer Sprachkontakte”, in Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, editor, In honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 25. bis 28. März 1993 in Kopenhagen‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, pages 117–120
  21. ^ Greppin, John A. C. (1998) “Arm. գինի gini, Grg. ღჳნო ɣvino ‘wine’”, in Annual of Armenian linguistics‎, number 19, pages 65–69
  22. ^ Gippert, Jost (2005) “Das Armenische — eine indogermanische Sprache im kaukasischen Areal”, in Gerhard Meiser, Olav Hacksteing, editors, Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel : Akten der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17.-23. September 2000, Halle an der Saale‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: L. Reichert, page 152, footnote 59
  23. ^ Starostin, S. A. (2005) “*ɣwino-”, in Kartvelian etymological database compiled on the basis of G. Klimov's and Fähnrich-Sarjveladze's etymological dictionaries of Kartvelian languages
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “gini”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 214
  25. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1059
  26. ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017) “Part 9: Armenian”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 429
  27. ^ Gorton, Luke (2017) “Revisiting Indo-European ‘Wine’”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies‎, volume 45, numbers 1–2, page 22 of 1–26
  28. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2019) “The Word for Wine in Anatolian, Greek, Armenian, Italic, Etruscan, Semitic and Its Indo-European Origin”, in Ronald I. Kim, Jana Mynářová, and Peter Pavúk, editors, Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years, Leiden and Boston: Brill, →DOI, page 204 of 195–229
  29. ^ Thorsø, Rasmus (2022) “A New Look at Old Armenisms in Kartvelian”, in Armeniaca‎, volume 1, pages 101–102
  30. ^ Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) “*ɣwin-”, in Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 486
  31. ^ Asatiani et al., 2022

Further reading

  • Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, pages 78-81
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