Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaśar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

**Proto-Semitic numbers ^(edit)**
← 1	← 9	10	100 →	1,000 →
		1
Cardinal: *ʕaśar-

Etymology

Possibly related to Egyptian ꜥšꜣ (“to be many”).

Numeral

*ʕaśar-

ten

Usage notes

This number exhibited chiastic concord (gender polarity), in which masculine forms were used to agree with feminine nouns, and feminine forms with masculine nouns.

Inflection

Declension of *ʕaśar-
Case	m	f
Nominative	*ʕaśarum	*ʕaśaratum
Accusative	*ʕaśaram	*ʕaśaratam
Genitive	*ʕaśarim	*ʕaśaratim

Descendants

From *ʕaśar-um (nominative absolute)

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌋 f (ešerum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشْر f (ʕašr), عُشَار (ʕušār)
    - Maltese: għaxar
    - → Bengali: আসর (aśor)
  - Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśrum f^[1]
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓 f (ʕšr /⁠ʕaśar⁠/)^[2]
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓 f (ʿsr /⁠ʿasar⁠/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܣܲܪ f (ʕsar)
      - Turoyo: ܥܣܰܪ f (csar)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܶܥܣܰܪܐ f (ʔeʕsar)
    - Canaanite:
      - Biblical Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר f (ʿéśer)^[1]
        Israeli Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר f (éser)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓ f (ʕšr /⁠ʔešer⁠/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤎𐤓 f (ʿsr)^[3]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓 f (ʿšr)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗 f (ʿšr /⁠ʿašru⁠/)^[4]
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Sabaean: 𐩲𐩦𐩧𐩣 f (ʕs₂rm /⁠ʕas₂arum⁠/)^[5]
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዐሥሩ f (ʿäśru)
  - Tigre: ዐስር f (ʿäsr)

From *ʕaśar-at-um (nominative absolute)

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌋 m (ešertum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشَرَة m (ʕašara)
    - Egyptian Arabic: عشرة (ʕašaṛa)
    - Maltese: għaxra
    - Moroccan Arabic: عشرة (ʕašra)
  - Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśaratum m^[1]
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓𐡄 m (ʿšrh /⁠ʕaśarah⁠/)
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓𐡄 m (ʿsrh /⁠ʕasrā⁠/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܸܣܪܵܐ m (ʕesrɑ)
      - Turoyo: ܥܰܣܪܳܐ m (casro)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܥܰܣܪܰܐ m (ʕasra)
    - Canaanite: *ʕaśarat
      - Biblical Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה m (ʿăśārâ)^[1]
        Israeli Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה m (asará)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓࠄ m (ʕšrh /⁠ʔašara⁠/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿasarat⁠/, “𐤏𐤎𐤓𐤕”)^[3]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕 m (ʿšrt)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗𐎚 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿašratu⁠/)^[4]
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዐሠርቱ m (ʿäśärtu)
  - Tigrinya: ዓሰርተ m (ʿasärtä)

References

Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 61

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Benjamin D. Suchard (2019) “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243
^ The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019) “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Miller Prosser (2017) “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎, University of Chicago, Lesson 5
^ Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020) “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎, page 36

[Suchard2019-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Benjamin D. Suchard (2019) “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243

[CAL-2] The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak

[Canaan-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019) “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529

[IUG-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Miller Prosser (2017) “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎, University of Chicago, Lesson 5

[5] Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020) “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎, page 36

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]