Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ŋwa

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 This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngwjəɣ (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ŋwa (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ngwa(*B) (Coblin, 1986)

Some have noticed a similarity with Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”) (whence English cow, Latin bōs) (Koenraad, 1999; Chang, 1988).

Compare Thai งัว (ngua) / วัว (wua, “bullock, cow”), Lao ງົວ (ngūa, “bullock, cow”). Because of the restricted geographic distribution of this Tai etymon, Benedict (1972) suspects Chinese to be a loan from Tai: Li (1976) concludes the Tai item is not a loan from Chinese as it is not found in northern Tai dialects. The relationship between this PST root and the Tai comparanda remains unclear.

Bos taurus indicus (zebu).

Noun

*ŋwa

  1. cattle, ox

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: 牛 (niú) /*ŋʷə/ (B-S), /*ŋʷɯ/ (ZS) ("cattle")
    (in the oracle bone script)
    • Middle Chinese: 牛 (niú) /ŋɨu/
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**:

→ Japanese: 牛 (ぎゅう, ​gyū)
Korean: 우 (牛, u)
Vietnamese: ngưu (牛)

    • → Nuosu: ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: 牛 (niú) (niú, /ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/)
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: 牛 (niú) /ŋɐu²¹/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: 牛 (ȵiɜ²³)
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: 牛 (gu²⁴ (colloquial), giu²⁴ (literary))
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
        • Written Burmese: နွား (nwa:, “cattle”)
        • Lashi: no³³ (“year of the ox”)
      • Loloish
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꆈꑌ (nuo nyi, “beef cow”), ꒈꑌ (yyx nyi, “water buffalo”), ꑍꃀ (nyip mop, “cow”)
        • Central Loloish
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