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¶ Not to be confused with*mraŋ(“to see, to look”).
According to Benedict (1972), Proto-Mon-Khmer and Proto-Tibeto-Burman forms *m-raŋ and Old Chinese *mraʔ all descended from a plurisyllabic *m()raŋ() of unknown origin; further cf.
Sagart et al (2019) contended that Proto-Sino-Tibetan lacked an original word for "horse" owing to these reasons:
Horses' remains appeared late in archaelogical records from East Asia;
A root verb *√raŋ might have yielded various indigenous derivations accounting for the attested forms: prefixation with nominalizers *m- (> Taraon: mɑ31 ɹoŋ55; Sak: məráŋ; Japhug mbro) or *s- (> Chepang sĕraŋ, Bunan ʂaŋs) or ∅ (> Lai Hakha ràŋ).
The word in some branches may be a result of "secondary spread of domesticated horses within the family". While the forms of some branches exhibit regular sound correspondence, irregular forms like Jingpo kum31 ʒa31 and OC 馬 *mˤraʔ lack nasal endings, indicating that these might've been loaned from a different Sino-Tibetan source language wherein 's rhyme had become .
Written Tibetan རྟ(rta, “horse”) is from a different proto-Tibeto-Burman source *rta(“horse”) and is hence unrelated.
