Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/l-(t/d)jam

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *l-(t)jam ⪤ *l-(d)jam (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972)

This root combines two separate meanings. In some languages it means (to) fill, while in others straight or flat.

*d)jam

1. full
2. straight, flat

*d)jam

1. fill

• Old Chinese:

  斟 /*t.qəm/ (B-S); /*kljum/ (ZS) (“to pour”)

  淫 /*ɴ.rəm/ (B-S); /*lɯm/ (ZS) (“excessive”)

  • Middle Chinese:

    斟 /t͡ɕiɪm/

5=jim

**:

→ Japanese: 斟 (しん, ​shin)
Korean: 짐 (斟, jim)
Vietnamese: châm (斟)

• • 淫 /jiɪm/

5=eum

**:

→ Japanese: 淫 (いん, ​in)
Korean: 음 (淫, eum)
Vietnamese: dâm (淫)

• • • Mandarin:
      • Beijing:

        斟 (zhēn) /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

        淫 (yín) /in³⁵/

    • Cantonese:
      • Guangzhou-Hong Kong:

        斟 (zam¹) /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/

        淫 (jam⁴) /jɐm²¹/

• Kuki-Chin: /*ɗim/ ("full")
  • Northern Chin
    • Tiddim:

      /dim/ ("full") (LaPolla, 1987)

      /tam/ ("level") (LaPolla, 1987)

  • Central Chin
    • Lai: /duʔ dîm/ ("fully satisfied")
• Himalayish
  • Bodic
    • Tibetan:

      གཏམ་པ (gtam pa, “to fill”)

      ཐམ་པ (tham pa, “full”)

      ལྟམས་པ (ltams pa, “fill (e.g. a vessel completely)”)

• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: တန်း (tan:, “straight”) /táɴ/
      • Written Burmese: တင်းကျမ်းပြည့် (tang:kyam:prany., “to be full to the brim”)