Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *gljang (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m/s-glak ⪤ *m-glaŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *graŋ (Benedict, 1972); *grɑŋ (Chou, 1972); *graŋ ⪤ glaŋ ⪤ m/ʔ-glak (Matisoff, 2003)

→ Also, compare the following word family in Chinese, of unknown origin:

	B-S	ZS	Def.
冰 (bīng)	/*p.rəŋ/ > (dial.) /*pr-/	/*p-ŋrɯŋ/	"ice"
凝 (níng)	/*ŋ(r)əŋ/ < uvular?	/*ŋrɯŋ/	"to freeze, to form; ice"
凌	/*p.rəŋ/	/*rɯŋ/	"ice"

*s-glak ~ m-glaŋ

1. cold
2. freeze

• Old Chinese: /*raŋ/ (root)

  涼 / 凉 (*C.raŋ, *C.raŋ-s (B-S); *g·raŋ, *g·raŋ-s (ZS), “cold; light, weak”)

  (vocalic variant) 冷 (*(g-)raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ (ZS), “cold”)

  (s-noun) 霜 (*sraŋ (B-S; ZS), “hoarfrost”)

  • Middle Chinese: 涼 / 凉 (lɨɐŋ, lɨɐŋH), 冷 (lɣæŋX, leŋ, leŋX), 霜 (ʃɨɐŋ)

    → Vietnamese: lạnh ("cold")
    Vietnamese: sương ("dew")

    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing:

        涼 / 凉 (liáng, /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/) ("cool")

        晾 (liàng) (liàng, /li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/) ("to make ... cold, to make ... dry")

        冷 (lěng, /lɤŋ²¹⁴/) ("cold")

        霜 (shuāng) (shuāng, /ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/) ("frost")

• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: གྲང་བ (grang ba, “cold, cool, to get cold”), ཁྱགས་པ (khyags pa, “cold, frozen, ice, frost”)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: ခြောက် (hkrauk, “dry”)

• *kjam (“cold, snow, ice”)