Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-yka
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Uncertain. Probably a combination of *-y + *-ka. A fossilization of an older *-yja or a borrowed origin have been also proposed (see Proto-Germanic *-ungō, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷ-).
Unlike *-ykъ which seems to be a mere extension of archaic masculine *-y nouns (cf. *ęzykъ (“tongue”) < Pre-Slavic *inźūˀ), *-yka appears to fulfill a genuine grammatical function.
Suffix
*-ỳka f
- Deverbial, forms instruments or representees of the referred verb (rare)
- *motati (“to hurl, to reel”) → *motyka (“hoe, mattock”)
- *volděti (“to rule, to wield”) → *voldyka (“sovereign”)
- *kъldovati (“to conjure, to bewitch”) → *kъldyka (“sick, handicap person”)
- *xoditi (“to walk”) → *хоdyka (⇒ Belarusian хады́ка (xadýka, “walker”))
Declension
Declension of *-yka (hard a-stem)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-yka | *-ycě | *-yky |
| genitive | *-yky | *-yku | *-ykъ |
| dative | *-ycě | *-ykama | *-ykamъ |
| accusative | *-ykǫ | *-ycě | *-yky |
| instrumental | *-ykojǫ, *-ykǫ** | *-ykama | *-ykami |
| locative | *-ycě | *-yku | *-ykasъ, *-ykaxъ* |
| vocative | *-yko | *-ycě | *-yky |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
See also
References
- Duridinov et al. (1991) "-ъıкa" in Граматика на старобългарския език (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 183
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1994), “*motyka”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 20 (*morzatъjь – *mъrsknǫti), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 79