Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-kъ

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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

    Nominal suffix. From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

    Suffix

    *-kъ m

    1. Deverbal, forms token nouns (usually with o-grade)
      *porkъ (sling)*perti (to propel, to strike)
      *borkъ (marriage)*bьrati (to pick, to collect)
      *dorkъ (scuffle; thornbush)*dьrati (to tear)
      *znakъ (sign, symbol)*znati (to know)
      *zorkъ (phantasm)*zьrěti (to watch, to observe)
      *mǫka (grief, hardship, torture) ← archaic *mьňati (to belittle, to grind) (compare the l-extension *mělь (finely ground))
    2. From expressive or onomatopoetic interjections or verbs, forms onomatopoetic action nouns referring to the respective interjection or verb
      Synonyms: *-skъ, *-pъ
      *zvǫkъ (sound)*zvьněti (to ring)
      *pukъ (pop)*puxati (to blow, to puff)
      *vykъ (shout)*vyti (to howl)*vъjь! (woe, wail)
      *krikъ (cry, squeak)*kričati (to squeak)*kri-kri!
      *čikъ-čirikъ (chirp-chirp)*čikъ-čirikati (to tweet)*či-či!
    3. From verbs in a-theme declension or adjectives, forming agent nouns. Equivalent to *-akъ (see there for examples)
    4. From archaic ū-stem nouns, forms instruments or representations of the referred concept
      Synonym: *-yka
      *kъlykъ (fang, tusk)*kluti (to peck)*kolti (to wreck, to slaugher, to stab)
      *ęzykъ (tongue, language)Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
    5. (Extension) From archaic i-stem nouns or adjectives. Equivalent to *-ьcь (see there for examples)
    6. (Extension) From archaic ŭ-stem nouns. Equivalent to *-ъkъ (see there for examples)
    7. (Extension) From masculine men-stem nouns. Neural mn̥-stems, such as *plemę or *vermę, were usually not extended
      *ęčьmykъ (barley)*ęčьmy (barley)
      *kamykъ (stone)*kamy (stone, rock)
      *kremykъ (flint)*kremy (flint)
      *polmykъ (flame)*polmy (flame)
      *remykъ (strap)*remy (strap, belt)
    8. Extension of en-stem
      *koręcь (snag, trunk)*korękъ*korę-
      *měsęcь (moon, month)*měsękъ*měsę-
      *zajęcь (rabbit)*zajękъ*zaję-
    Declension
    Declension of *-kъ (hard o-stem)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ci
    genitive *-ka *-ku *-kъ
    dative *-ku *-koma *-komъ
    accusative *-kъ *-ka *-ky
    instrumental *-kъmь, *-komь* *-koma *-ky
    locative *-cě *-ku *-cěxъ
    vocative *-če *-ka *-ci

    * -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

    See also
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

      Adjectival suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, usually attached to former u-stem or i-stem adjectives. Akin to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz and Latin -ucus, Latin -īcus.

      Suffix

      *-kъ

      1. From basic prepositions
        *perkъ (direct, across)*per (fore, across)
        *opakъ (reverse)*po (at, by, afterwards)
        *pakъ (again, then) (only as an adverb)*pa- (later)
      2. (Extension) From former ŭ-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ъkъ
      3. (Extension) From former i-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ikъ
        *velikъ (glorious)*velь (great)
        *mьnikъ (miniature)*mьňьjь (smaller)
      Declension
      Indefinite declension of *-kъ (hard)
      singular masculine feminine neuter
      nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ko
      genitive *-ka *-ky *-ka
      dative *-ku *-kě *-ku
      accusative *-kъ *-kǫ *-ko
      instrumental *-komь *-kojǫ *-komь
      locative *-kě *-kě *-kě
      vocative *-ke *-ko *-ko
      dual masculine feminine neuter
      nominative *-ka *-kě *-kě
      genitive *-ku *-ku *-ku
      dative *-koma *-kama *-koma
      accusative *-ka *-kě *-kě
      instrumental *-koma *-kama *-koma
      locative *-ku *-ku *-ku
      vocative *-ka *-kě *-kě
      plural masculine feminine neuter
      nominative *-ki *-ky *-ka
      genitive *-kъ *-kъ *-kъ
      dative *-komъ *-kamъ *-komъ
      accusative *-ky *-ky *-ka
      instrumental *-ky *-kami *-ky
      locative *-kěxъ *-kaxъ *-kěxъ
      vocative *-ki *-ky *-ka
      Definite declension of *-kъ (hard)
      singular masculine feminine neuter
      nominative *-kъjь *-kaja *-koje
      genitive *-kajego *-kyję̇ *-kajego
      dative *-kujemu *-kěji *-kujemu
      accusative *-kъjь *-kǫjǫ *-koje
      instrumental *-kyjimь *-kǫjǫ *-kyjimь
      locative *-kějemь *-kěji *-kějemь
      vocative *-kъjь *-kaja *-koje
      dual masculine feminine neuter
      nominative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
      genitive *-kuju *-kuju *-kuju
      dative *-kyjima *-kyjima *-kyjima
      accusative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
      instrumental *-kyjima *-kyjima *-kyjima
      locative *-kuju *-kuju *-kuju
      vocative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
      plural masculine feminine neuter
      nominative *-kiji *-kyję̇ *-kaja
      genitive *-kъjixъ *-kъjixъ *-kъjixъ
      dative *-kyjimъ *-kyjimъ *-kyjimъ
      accusative *-kyję̇ *-kyję̇ *-kaja
      instrumental *-kyjimi *-kyjimi *-kyjimi
      locative *-kyjixъ *-kyjixъ *-kyjixъ
      vocative *-kiji *-kyję̇ *-kaja
      See also

      *-čь

      Derived terms

      Etymology 3

        Denotational suffix from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-kos or *-ḱos.

        Suffix

        The template Template:sla-det does not use the parameter(s):
        1=m
        cat=determiner-forming suffixes
        Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

        *-kъ

        1. From basic demostratives or particles, forms determiners for manner or amount. The neutral or feminine forms of these determiners could act as adverbs
          *takъ (so that)*tъ (that one)
          *jakъ (such one)*jь (this one, previously mentioned)
          *sicь (such that)*sь (this one here)
          *kakъ (how)*kъjь (who)
          *čakъ (even so)*čьjь (which)
          *vьśаkъ (anyway)*vьśь (all)
          *jьnаkъ (otherwise)*jьnъ (other, different)
          *tukъ (here)*tu (here, demonstrative for location)
          *dekъ (where, so that)*de (locative particle)
          *nekъ (let/may it be so)*ne (negative particle)
        Declension
        Declension of *-kъ
        Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
        Nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ko
        Accusative *-kъ *-kǫ *-ko
        Genitive *-kogo *-koję̇ *-kogo
        Locative *-komь *-koji *-komь
        Dative *-komu *-koji *-komu
        Instrumental *-cěmь *-kojǫ *-cěmь
        Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
        Nominative *-ka *-cě *-cě
        Accusative *-ka *-cě *-cě
        Genitive *-koju *-koju *-koju
        Locative *-koju *-koju *-koju
        Dative *-cěma *-cěma *-cěma
        Instrumental *-cěma *-cěma *-cěma
        Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
        Nominative *-ci *-ky *-ka
        Accusative *-ky *-ky *-ka
        Genitive *-cěxъ *-cěxъ *-cěxъ
        Locative *-cěxъ *-cěxъ *-cěxъ
        Dative *-cěmъ *-cěmъ *-cěmъ
        Instrumental *-cěmi *-cěmi *-cěmi

        References

        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*bьrakъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 160
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dьraka”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 216
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*elъkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 22
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmy”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 63
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 64
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęzykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 74
        • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999) “язык”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 467
        • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “язык”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kamykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 140
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kremykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 123
        • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*měsęcь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 191
        • Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “месяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
        • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999) “песок”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 26
        • Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “заяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa