Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/togra-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

ESTJa suggests a derivation from *tog- and supposes a relation with *togan (“falcon”), however a denominal verb forming suffix *-ra does not exist.
Nişanyan derives it from *toguru (“tang; straight, correct”), however the suffix *-a is attached only to stems ending with consonants.

Verb

*togra-

(transitive) to cut into slices, small pieces

Conjugation

Conjugation of *togra- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*togramak
participle	present		*togragan, togragma, tograr
	past		*tograduk, togramïš
	future		*togradačï, togramakčï, tograsïk, tograyačak
verbal noun			*tograma, tograg, togragu
way of doing			*tograš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tograr ben	*tograr sen	*tograr	*tograr biz	*tograr siz	*tograr
	past	simple	*togradïm	*togradïŋ	*togradï	*togradïk, togradïmïz	*togradïŋïz	*togradï
	past	inferential	*togramïš ben	*togramïš sen	*togramïš	*togramïš biz	*togramïš siz	*togramïš
	future	simple	*togradačï ben, togramakčï ben, tograyačak ben	*togradačï sen, togramakčï sen, tograyačak sen	*togradačï, togramakčï, tograyačak	*togradačï biz, togramakčï biz, tograyačak biz	*togradačï siz, togramakčï siz, tograyačak siz	*togradačï, togramakčï, tograyačak
		predictive	*togragay ben	*togragay sen	*togragay	*togragay biz	*togragay siz	*togragay
		necessitive	*tograsïkïm	*tograsïkïŋ	*tograsïk	*tograsïkïmïz	*tograsïkïŋïz	*tograsïk
conditional			*tograsam, tograsar ben	*tograsaŋ, tograsar sen	*tograsa, tograsar	*tograsak, tograsamïz, tograsar biz	*tograsaŋïz, tograsar siz	*tograsalar, tograsar
optative			*togragay ben	*togragay sen	*togragay	*togragay biz	*togragay siz	*togragay
progressive			*togramakda ben	*togramakda sen	*togramakda	*togramakda biz	*togramakda siz	*togramakda
necessitative			*togramalïg ben	*togramalïg sen	*togramalïg	*togramalïg biz	*togramalïg siz	*togramalïg
imperative			*tograyayïn	*togra, togragïl	*tograzun	*tograyalïm	*tograyïŋ	*tograzun

Negative

infinitive			*togramamak
participle	present		*togramagan, togramagma, togramaz
	past		*togramaduk, togramamïš
	future		*togramačï, togramasïk, togramayačak
verbal noun			*togramama, togramag, togramagu
way of doing			*togramaš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*togramaz ben	*togramaz sen	*togramaz	*togramaz biz	*togramaz siz	*togramaz
	past	simple	*togramadïm	*togramadïŋ	*togramadï	*togramadïk, togramadïmïz	*togramadïŋïz	*togramadï
	past	inferential	*togramamïš ben	*togramamïš sen	*togramamïš	*togramamïš biz	*togramamïš siz	*togramamïš
	future	simple	*togramačï ben, togramayačak ben	*togramačï sen, togramayačak sen	*togramačï, togramayačak	*togramačï biz, togramayačak biz	*togramačï siz, togramayačak siz	*togramačï, togramayačak
		predictive	*togramagay ben	*togramagay sen	*togramagay	*togramagay biz	*togramagay siz	*togramagay
		necessitive	*togramasïkïm	*togramasïkïŋ	*togramasïk	*togramasïkïmïz	*togramasïkïŋïz	*togramasïk
conditional			*togramasam, togramasar ben	*togramasaŋ, togramasar sen	*togramasa, togramasar	*togramasak, togramasamïz, togramasar biz	*togramasaŋïz, togramasar siz	*togramasalar, togramasar
optative			*togramagay ben	*togramagay sen	*togramagay	*togramagay biz	*togramagay siz	*togramagay
progressive			*togramamakda ben	*togramamakda sen	*togramamakda	*togramamakda biz	*togramamakda siz	*togramamakda
necessitative			*togramamalïg ben	*togramamalïg sen	*togramamalïg	*togramamalïg biz	*togramamalïg siz	*togramamalïg
imperative			*togramayayïn	*tograma, togramagïl	*togramazun	*togramayalïm	*togramayïŋ	*togramazun

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: тура (tura)

Arghu:
- Khalaj: torğamaq
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: doğramaq
  - Ottoman Turkish: طوغرامق (doğramak)
    - Gagauz: doramaa
    - Turkish: doğramak
    - → Crimean Tatar: doğramaq
    - → Karaim: (doğramaq)
- Turkmen: dogramak
- Salar: doğrağusı, doğram
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: (toğra-)
  - Chagatai: (toğra-)
    - Uyghur: توغرىماق (toghrimaq)
    - Uzbek: to‘g‘ramoq
Kypchak:
- North Kypchak:
  - Bashkir: турау (turaw)
  - Tatar: турарга (turarga)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kipchak-Nogai:
    - Karakalpak: tug‘rag‘u
    - Kazakh: турау (turau)
    - Nogai: (tuwra-)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: тууроо (tuuroo)
    - Southern Altai: туураар (tuuraar)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: toramaq
  - Karachay-Balkar: туура- (tuura-)
  - Karaim: (tuvra-)
  - Kumyk: тувра- (tuwra-)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Kirghiz:
    - Khakas: тоғырга (toğırga)
    - Shor: тоғрага (toğra-)
  - Old Uyghur:
    - Western Yugur: (torğa-)
- North Siberian:
  - ⇒ Yakut: тоорот (toorot)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan turkic:
    - Tofa: доора- (doora-)
    - Tuvan: доорар (doorar)

References

^ Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎, volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 33

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “togra:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 472
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “doğramak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 484
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*togra-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[1] Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎, volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 33