User:Greenismean2016

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Wiktionary:Babel
en This user is a native speaker of English.
es-3 Este usuario puede contribuir con un nivel avanzado de español.
fr-2 Cet utilisateur peut contribuer avec un niveau moyen en français.
la-2 Hic usuarius lingua latina mediae difficultatis conferre potest.
grc-1 Ὅδε ἐγκυκλοπαιδειουργὸς ὀλίγον ἀρχαίως Ἑλληνιστὶ γράφειν οἷός τ’ ἐστίν.
ru-1 Этот участник владеет русским языком на начальном уровне.
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Useful Information

Proto-Slavic

Romance Languages

  • Western Romance:
    • Ibero-Romance:
      • Mozarabic:
      • Navarro-Aragonese:
        • Aragonese:
      • Old Leonese:
        • Asturian:
        • Extremaduran:
        • Leonese:
        • Mirandese:
      • Old Galician-Portuguese:
        • Fala:
        • Galician:
        • Portuguese:
          • Guinea-Bissau Creole:
          • Kabuverdianu:
          • Macanese:
          • Papiamentu:
          • Principense:
          • Sãotomense:
      • Old Spanish:
        • Ladino:
        • Spanish:
          • Chavacano:
          • Hiligaynon:
          • Palenquero:
    • Occitano-Romance:
      • Old Occitan:
        • Catalan:
        • Occitan:
    • Gallo-Romance:
      • Franco-Provençal:
      • Oïl:
        • Old French:
          • Bourbonnais-Berrichon:
          • Bourguignon:
          • Champenois:
          • Gallo:
          • Lorrain:
          • Norman:
          • French:
            • Antillean Creole:
            • Guianese Creole:
            • Haitian Creole:
            • Louisiana Creole:
            • Mauritian Creole:
            • Seychellois Creole:
          • Picard:
          • Poitevin-Saintongeais:
          • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 376: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "roa-tou" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
          • Walloon:
      • Rhaeto-Romance:
        • Friulian:
        • Ladin:
        • Romansch:
    • Gallo-Italic:
      • Emilian:
      • Ligurian:
      • Lombard:
      • Piedmontese:
      • Romagnol:
    • Italo-Dalmatian:
      • Italo-Romance:
        • Corsican:
          • Gallurese:
          • Sassarese:
        • Italian:
        • Neapolitan:
        • Sicilian:
        • Venetan:
      • Dalmato-Romance:
        • Dalmatian:
        • Istriot:
  • Eastern Romance:
    • Aromanian:
    • Istro-Romanian:
    • Megleno-Romanian:
    • Romanian:
  • Southern Romance:
    • Sardinian:
      • Campidanese:
      • Logudorese:
      • Nuorese:

Leonese conjugation table

Cojugation of sere
infinitive sere
gerund siendu
past participle  m síu,  f sida,  m pl síos,  f pl sidas
person first
singular
you		 second
singular
tú		 third
singular
él/eilla/eillu		 first
plural
nosoutros/as		 second
plural
vosoutros/as		 third
plural
eillos/as
indicative present sou yes ye somos sóis,
sodes		 son
imperfect yera yeras yera yéramos yerais,
yérades		 yeran
preterite fui fuisti fou fuimos fuistis,
fuistedes		 fonun
pluperfect fuera fueras fuera fuéramos fuérais,
fuérades		 fueran
future sedréi sedrás sedrá sedremos sedréis,
sedredes		 sedrán
conditional sedría sedrías sedría sedríamos sedríais,
sedríades		 sedrían
subjunctive present seya seyas seya seyamos seyáis,
seyades		 seyan
imperfect fuera fueras fuera fuéramos fuerais,
fuérades		 fueran
imperative — sé — — séi —

PIE

*ǵʰeh₂-

Root

  • *ǵʰeh₂-
  1. to gape, yawn
Derived terms
  • *ǵʰey-ǵʰh₂-
    • Proto-Germanic: *gīgēną (“to desire”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  • *ǵʰh₂-mr-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *ǵʰh₂-neh₂-
  • *ǵʰh₂-n-
    • *ǵʰh₂-n-os
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: χάνος (khános, “throat, mouth”)
    • *ǵʰh₂-n-ye-ti
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: χαίνω (khaínō, “to yawn”)
  • *ǵʰh₂-ske-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: χάσκω (kháskō, “to yawn”)
  • *ǵʰh₂-ey-
    • *ǵʰh₂-ey-u-
      • *ǵʰh₂-ey-u-eh₂-ye-ti
      • *ǵʰh₂-i-u-eh₂
        • Proto-Germanic: *giwō
          • Old Norse: gjá (“chasm, rift, crack”)
      • *ǵʰh₂-i-u-os
    • *ǵʰh₂-i-eh₂-ye-ti
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źiāˀtei
        • Lithuanian: žióti
        • Proto-Slavic: *zijati (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: hiō (“to gape”)
    • *ǵʰh₂-i-ne-ti
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *zìnǫti (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵʰh₂-i-neh₁-ti
    • *ǵʰh₂-i-nu-ti
      • Hittite: (kīnuzi, “to open (up), break open”)
  • *ǵʰh₂-w-
  • Unsorted formations:

*melh₂-

Root

  • *melh₂-
  1. dark-colored, dirty
Derived terms
  • *melh₂-om (possibly)
    • Proto-Germanic: *mēlą (“spot, mark”)
  • *melh₂-os
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *molh₂-om
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: मल (mála, “dirt”)
  • *molh₂-os
  • *melh₂-n-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: μέλας (mélas, “dark, black”)
  • *ml̥h₂-wos
  • Unsorted formations:

*pel-

Root

  • *pel-
  1. rock, cliff
Derived terms
  • *pel-es-os
    • Proto-Germanic: *felesaz (“mountain”)
  • *pel-s-eh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: πέλλα (pélla, “rock, stone”)
  • *pel-s-ih₂
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  • *pl̥-s-i-
    • Proto-Celtic: *ɸales- (“rock, stone”)
  • *pl̥-s-o-
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸallo- (“cliff”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Pashto: پرښه (parṣ̌a, “rock, stone”)

*tpel-

Root

  • *tpel-
  1. a type of tree
Derived terms
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: թեղի (tʻełi, “elm”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *falwō (“willow”)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: tilia (“lime-tree”)

*pe-pel-

Root

  • *pe-pel-
  1. a flying creature
Derived terms
  • Proto-Germanic: *fifaldǭ (“butterfly”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Northwestern Iranian:
        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • Caspian:
            • Mazanderani: پاپلی (pâpëli, “butterfly”)
  • Proto-Italic:

*ḱel-

Root

  • *ḱel-
  1. warm
Derived terms
  • *ḱl̥-h₁ye-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *kalēō (< *ḱl̥h₁-eh₁-ti)
      • Latin: caleō (“to be warm”)
  • *ḱl̥-tos
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Celtic: *klitos (“warm”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱleh₁-
    • *ḱleh₁-wóm
      • Proto-Germanic: *hlewą (“shelter”)
    • *ḱléh₁-wos
      • Proto-Germanic: *hlēwaz (“lukewarm”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *ḱléh₁-yos
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: šìlti (“to become warm”)
      • Latvian: sil̃t (“to become warm”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ĉarHás (“autumn, summer; year”) (possibly)

*mon-

Root

  • *mon-
  1. neck
Derived terms
  • *mon-eh₂
  • *mon-i-
  • *mon-i-klo-
  • *mon-i-sto-?
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *mon-go-
    • Proto-Celtic: *mongā (“mane, hair”)
      • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Old Irish: mong
    • Proto-Germanic: *mankô
    • Proto-Celtic:
  • *mon-yeh₂
  • *mon-yo-
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: (manaoθrī, “neck”), (pairi-māniia, “neck protection”), (zarənu-maini, “with a golden neck-ornament”)

*kos(V)los

Etymology

Like the names of many trees, probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.

Noun

  • Lua error in Module:gender_and_number at line 92: The tag "head" in the gender specification "head-*kos(v)los" is not valid. See Module:gender and number for a list of valid tags.
  1. hazel
Descendants
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Celtic: *koslos (“hazel”)
  • Lua error in Module:links at line 223: The specified language Proto-Germanic is unattested, while the given term does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

*keh₂w-

Aternative reconstructions

Root

*keh₂w-

  1. stalk
Derived terms
  • *keh₂u-leh₂
    • Proto-Celtic: *kawlā (“faggot”)
  • *keh₂u-lis
  • *keh₂u-los
  • Unsorted formations:

*konh₂m

Noun

  • *konh₂m
  1. knee
Descendants
  • *konh₂m-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *hammō (“shank”)
  • *knh₂m-

*-

Noun

  • *-
  1. wickerwork?
Derived terms

*kremus

Etymology

An agricultural term borrowed from a non-Indo-European language.

Noun

  • *kremus
  1. wild onion; ramson
Derived terms

*-

Etymology

Non-Indo-European

Noun

  • *-
  1. mule
Derived terms
  • Proto-Albanian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Hellenic:
  • Proto-Italic:

*kumar

Etymology

Non-Indo-European

Noun

  • *kumar
  1. lobster
Derived terms

*kemH-

Root

  • *kemH-
  1. to hum?
Derived terms
  • *km̥H-elis
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *km̥H-elos
    • Proto-Germanic: *humelaz (“bumblebee”)
  • *komH-on-yeh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: kamanė (“bumblebee”)
      • Latvian: kamene (“bumblebee”)
  • *komH-us
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Old Prussian: camus (“bumblebee”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *hummōną (“to hum”)

*kret-

Root

  • *kret-
Derived terms

*kris-

Root

  • *kris-
Derived terms

*kew-

Root

  • *kew-
  1. to coo
Derived terms
  • Proto-Indo-European: *kew-k-
  • Proto-Celtic: *kowiks
  • Lua error in Module:links at line 223: The specified language Proto-Hellenic is unattested, while the given term does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
  • Lua error in Module:links at line 223: The specified language Proto-Italic is unattested, while the given term does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:

*kʷer-

Root

  • *kʷer-
Derived terms
  • *kʷer-eh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *kʷer-nos
  • *kʷer-os
    • Proto-Germanic: *hweraz (“kettle”)
  • *kʷer-us
  • *kʷor-yos

*kʷerkʷet-

Root

  • *kʷerkʷet-
  1. gourd
Derived terms

*ḱeh₃-

Root

  • Lua error in Module:headword at line 803: The headword 'ḱeh₃-' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
  1. sharp
Derived terms
  • *ḱi-ḱeh₃-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • *ḱeh₃-t-s
    • Proto-Italic: *kōts
      • Latin: cōs (“whetstone”)
  • *ḱh₃-tos
    • Proto-Celtic:
      • Old Irish: cath (“wise”)
    • Proto-Italic: *katos
      • Latin: catus (“smart, shrewd”)
  • *ḱeh₃ey-
    • *ḱeh₃ey-neh₂
      • Proto-Germanic: *hainō (“whetstone”)
    • *ḱeh₃ey-nis
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: (saēni-, “pointed, sharp”)
    • *ḱeh₃i-ti
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • *ḱoh₃-r-eh₂-ye-ti

*ḱwes-

Root

  • *ḱwes-
Derived terms
  • *ḱwes-e-ti
    • Proto-Germanic: *hwēsaną (“to wheeze”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: queror (“to complain”)
  • *ḱus-ih₁
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: (suši, “the lungs”)
  • Unsorted formations:

*leh₂p-

Root

  • *leh₂p-
  1. to shine
Derived terms
  • *lh₂-n-p-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (lāpzi)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: lópė (“torch”)
      • Latvian: lāpa (“torch”)
      • Old Prussian: lapis (“flame”)
    • Proto-Celtic: *laxsaros (“burning, shining”)
    • Proto-Celtic:
      • Old Irish: lasaid (“to burn”)

*-

Root

  • *-
Derived terms

*kewb-

Alternative reconstructions

Root

  • *kewb-
  1. to lie (down)
Derived terms

*met-

Root

  • *met
Derived terms
  • *met-e-ti
  • *met-ti
  • *met-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *met-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:

*h₂meh₁-

Root

  • *h₂meh₁-
Derived terms
  • *h₂meh₁-e-ti
  • *h₂mh₁-eh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic:
  • *h₂meh₁-eh₂-tos
  • *h₂mh₁-eh₂-ye-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
  • *h₂meh₁-sh₂o-
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (ḫamešḫa, “spring”)
  • *h₂mh₁-s-enti
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (ḫane/iššzi, “to wipe”)
  • *h₂meh₁-tom
  • *h₂meh₁-tweh₂

*kerḱ-

Root

  • *kerḱ-
Derived terms

*kʷels-

Root

  • *kʷels-
Derived terms
  • *kʷéls-om?
  • *kʷéls-e-ti
  • *kʷl̥s-énti
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (gulš-zi, “to carve, engrave, inscribe”)

*leh₂-

Root

  • *leh₂-
Derived terms
  • *leh₂-wos
  • *loh₂-
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (laḫḫa-, “campaign”)
  • *leh₂-ikos?

*(s)ley-

Root

  • *(s)leyH-
  1. blueish
Derived terms

*ned-

Root

  • *ned-
Derived terms
  • *ne-nd-?
  • *ned-i-
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: նետ (net, “arrow”)
  • *ned-ó-
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: नड (naḍá, “reed”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *nad-
  • *nód-o-
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (nāta-, “reed, straw”)

*sel-

Root

  • *sel-
Derived terms
  • *sleh₁y-
    • *sleh₁y-m-eh₂ko-
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *slimakъ (“snail”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *sleh₁y-mo-
      • Proto-Germanic: *slīmą (“slime”)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *sleh₁y-wo-
    • *sleh₁y-no-
    • *sloyH-ko- (< sleHy-?)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: slíekas (“earthworm”)
        • Latvian: sliêka (“earthworm”)
        • Old Prussian: slayx (“earthworm”)
  • *slebʰ-
    • *slobʰ-neh₂-ti
    • *slobʰ-os
    • *slobʰ-nos
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: slabnas (“weak”)
        • Latvian: slabs (“weak”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *slabъ (“weak”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *slēpaną (“to sleep”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *slembʰ-
      • Proto-Germanic: *slimbaz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *limpaną (see there for further descendants)
  • *sleyǵ-
      • Proto-Germanic: *slīkaną (“to crawl; strike”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish: selige (“turtle”)
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish: sligim (“to smear; beat”)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *slьza (“tear”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *slizь (“slime”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *slizъkъ (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: (possibly)
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: (šalik-)
  • *sleydʰ-
    • *sleydʰ-e-ti
    • *slidʰ-eh₁ye-ti
    • *slidʰ-sḱe-ti
    • *slidʰ-ros
      • Proto-Germanic: *slidraz (see there for further descendants)
    • *sloydʰ-ros
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic:
    • *sleydʰ-u-s
    • *sloydʰ-os
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *slědъ (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *slidô (“sled”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *slindraz (“sliding, slippery”)
      • *sloydʰ-tos
        • Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)
  • *sley-
      • Proto-Celtic: *limāti (“to sharpen, polish”)
      • Proto-Celtic: *slimonos (“polished, smooth”)
      • Proto-Germanic:
        • Old High German: slīmen (“to polish”)
      • Proto-Italic: (possibly)

*leh₁-

Root

  • *leh₁-
  1. soft, calm
  2. lazy slow
Derived terms

*len-

Root

  • *len-
  1. soft
Derived terms
  • *len-tos
  • *len-wos?
    • Proto-Germanic: *linwaz (“soft, mild, gentle”)

*lent-

Etymology

Per De Vaan, from the root *len- (“soft”) referencing the soft bark of this tree, however this is rejected by Kroonen.

Root

  • *lent-
  1. linden
Derived terms
  • *lent-eh₂
  • *lont-os
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *lont-yo-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic:

*selk-

Root

  • *selk-
Derived terms
  • *selk-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Tocharian:
  • *selk-os
    • Proto-Armenian: (perhaps)
  • *sl̥k-
  • *solk-eye-ti
    • Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)
  • *solk-os

*slewk-

Alternative forms

Root

  • *slewk-
  1. to swallow
Derived terms
  • *slowg-eye-ti
  • *slug-ye-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
  • *slug-
    • Proto-Germanic:
      • Old Saxon:
      • Old High German:
  • *slug-
    • Proto-Germanic:
      • Old High German:
  • *slu-n-g-e-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic:
        • East Slavic:
        • West Slavic:
          • Polish: łkać (“to swallow”)
  • *slu-n-k-e-ti

*sewk-

Root

  • *sewk-
Derived terms
  • *sowk-eye-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *suk-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *suk-eh₂-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • *swo-n-k-
    • Proto-Germanic: *swanhan (“to swing”)
  • Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Italic: (possibly)

*skek-

Root

  • *skek-
  1. to move quickly
Derived terms
  • *skek-ti?
    • Proto-Celtic: *skekti (“to move, stir”)
  • *skek-e-ti
  • *skok-eye-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Celtic:
  • *skok-neh₂-ti
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: (perhaps)
      • Lithuanian: šókti (“to jump, dance”)
      • Latvian: sâkt (“to begin, resume”)

*ken-

Root

*ken-

  1. to press, pinch
Derived terms

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  • *knebʰ-[1]
    • *knebʰ-e-ti[2]
      • Proto-Germanic:
        • Old Norse: hnofa (“to cut off”)
    • *knbʰ-neh₂-ti[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Latvian: knibinât (“to pick, collect, gather”)
    • *kn-m̥-bʰ-e-ti[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: knìbti (“to kink, snap”)
    • *knobʰ-nh₂-ti[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: knabénti (“to pick (with the beak)”)
    • *knobʰ-ti[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Latvian: knābt (“to pick, peck”)
  • *kneh₂-[3][4][5]
    • *kneh₂-ye-ti
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: knóti (“to peel”)
      • Proto-Celtic: *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”)
        • Proto-Brythonic:
        • Old Irish: immcná
      • Proto-Germanic: *hnōjaną (“to groove”)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: -κναίω (-knaíō, “to scrape, scratch”)
  • *knes-[6]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: knisù (“to break up”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • *knet-[6]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: knìsti (“to scratch, itch”)
        • Latvian: knist (“to itch”)?
  • *knew-[7]
    • *knewH-e-ti
    • *knuH-ye-ti
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: κνύω (knúō, “to scratch”)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: κνόος (knóos, “grinding sound”)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Latvian: knūt (“to itch”)
  • *knewdʰ-
  • *kneybʰ-[9]
    • *kneybʰ-ye-ti[9]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • *knibʰ-neh₂-ti[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnefan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 234
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnupp/bōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 237
  3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “-κναίω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 720-721
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “knoti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 253
  5. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*knā-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 211
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “-κνίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 724
  7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κνύω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 726
  8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κνυζόω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 726
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnippōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nīdor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnītan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κνῖσα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 724-725
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnissa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
  14. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cōnīveō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnīwan- ~ *hnīgan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 236-237
  16. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nītor, -ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 410-411
  17. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hnaigjan- ~ *hnaiwjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 233

*steh₂g-

Root

*steh₂g-[1][2][3]

  1. to seep?
Derived terms

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  • *steh₂g-nom
    • Proto-Italic:?
      • Latin: stāgnum (“standing water, pool”)
  • *sth₂g-reh₂?
    • Proto-Celtic: *stagrā (“river, stream”)
      • Proto-Brythonic:
        • Old Breton: staer (“river, brook”)
  • *sth₂g-ye-ti?
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: στάζω (stázō, “to drip”) (possibly)

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στάζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1388
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “stāgnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 584-585
  3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*stagrā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 353-354

*ster-

Root

  1. to be stiff
Derived terms

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  • *ster-en-
  • *ster-ih₂
  • *ster-ki-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *sterkǭ (“young cow”)
  • *ster-ōn
  • *ster-yeh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (“infertile woman”)
  • *ster-yo-
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ, “infertile”)
    • Old Persian:
      • Middle Persian: (starwan, “infertile, childless”)
  • *strey-
    • *stroy-nus
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • *strey-dʰh₁-
      • Proto-Germanic: *strīdaną (“to stand upright, resist”)
  • *streyb-
    • *streyb-on-
      • Proto-Germanic:
    • *streyb-os
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish: sríab (“stripe, line”)
  • *strebʰ- (“to twist”)
    • *strbʰ-neh₂-ti
    • *strebʰ-e-ti
    • *ud-sterbʰ-eh₂
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish:
          • Malagasy: ussarb (“death”)
    • *storbʰ-eye-ti
    • *storbʰ-om
    • *sterbʰ-ni-os
    • *strbʰ-new-ti
    • *strobʰ-nus
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish:
  • *sterg- (“stiff”)
    • *storg-os
    • *streg-ye-ti
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: strė́gti (“to harden, congeal, freeze”)
    • *str̥g-is
      • Proto-Germanic: *sturkiz (“strength”)
    • Unsorted formations:
  • *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”)
    • *sterh₁-e-ti
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • *sterh₁-os
      • Proto-Tocharian:
        • Tocharian B: ścīre (“hard, harsh”)
    • *sterh₁-tis
      • Proto-Celtic:
    • *sterh₁-tos
      • Proto-Celtic:
    • *sterh₁-wos
    • *storh₁-os
      • Proto-Germanic: *staraz (“stiff”)
      • Proto-Tocharian:
        • Tocharian A: (“effort”)
        • Tocharian B:
    • *str̥-neh₁-ti

*key-

Root

*key-[1]

  1. to set in motion
Derived terms

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “չու”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 547-548
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σεύομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1321-1322
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