labourer

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English

Pronunciation

Noun

labourer (plural labourers)

  1. British standard spelling of laborer.
    • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
      This time was most dreadful for Lilian. Thrown on her own resources and almost penniless, she maintained herself and paid the rent of a wretched room near the hospital by working as a charwoman, sempstress, anything. In a moment she had dropped to the level of a casual labourer.

Anagrams

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French labourer, from Old French laborer, borrowed from Latin labōrāre. Replaced the Old French arer (“to plough”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /la.bu.ʁe/
  • Audio(file)

Verb

labourer

  1. (transitive) to plough

Conjugation

Conjugation of labourer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple labourer
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple labourant
/la.bu.ʁɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle labouré
/la.bu.ʁe/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present laboure
/la.buʁ/ 		laboures
/la.buʁ/ 		laboure
/la.buʁ/ 		labourons
/la.bu.ʁɔ̃/ 		labourez
/la.bu.ʁe/ 		labourent
/la.buʁ/
imperfect labourais
/la.bu.ʁɛ/ 		labourais
/la.bu.ʁɛ/ 		labourait
/la.bu.ʁɛ/ 		labourions
/la.bu.ʁjɔ̃/ 		labouriez
/la.bu.ʁje/ 		labouraient
/la.bu.ʁɛ/
past historic2 labourai
/la.bu.ʁe/ 		labouras
/la.bu.ʁa/ 		laboura
/la.bu.ʁa/ 		labourâmes
/la.bu.ʁam/ 		labourâtes
/la.bu.ʁat/ 		labourèrent
/la.bu.ʁɛʁ/
future labourerai
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁe/ 		laboureras
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁa/ 		labourera
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁa/ 		labourerons
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁɔ̃/ 		labourerez
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁe/ 		laboureront
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁɔ̃/
conditional labourerais
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ 		labourerais
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ 		labourerait
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/ 		labourerions
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁjɔ̃/ 		laboureriez
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁje/ 		laboureraient
/la.bu.ʁə.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present laboure
/la.buʁ/ 		laboures
/la.buʁ/ 		laboure
/la.buʁ/ 		labourions
/la.bu.ʁjɔ̃/ 		labouriez
/la.bu.ʁje/ 		labourent
/la.buʁ/
imperfect2 labourasse
/la.bu.ʁas/ 		labourasses
/la.bu.ʁas/ 		labourât
/la.bu.ʁa/ 		labourassions
/la.bu.ʁa.sjɔ̃/ 		labourassiez
/la.bu.ʁa.sje/ 		labourassent
/la.bu.ʁas/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — laboure
/la.buʁ/ 		— labourons
/la.bu.ʁɔ̃/ 		labourez
/la.bu.ʁe/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris , Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

Further reading

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French laborer.

Verb

labourer

  1. to work (to do work); to labor
  2. to manufacture; to make (in a work context)
    • 15th century, Rustichello da Pisa (original author), Mazarine Master (scribe), The Travels of Marco Polo, page 15, lines 5–6:
      Et si labourent draps d'or et de soie et de toutes façons trés beaux.
      And they manufacture cloths of gold and of silk which are in all ways very beautiful.

Descendants

  • French: labourer

References

  • labourer on Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500) (in French)
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