trong

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See also: trống, trỏng, and trọng

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þrǫng.

Noun

trong m (definite singular trongen, uncountable)

  1. need
    Me har trong for fleire folk.
    We have a need for more people.
Synonyms

Etymology 2

From Old Norse þrǫngr.

Adjective

trong (neuter trongt, definite singular and plural tronge, comparative trongare, indefinite superlative trongast, definite superlative trongaste)

  1. tight, narrow
    Dei gjekk gjennom tronge fjellpass.
    They walked through narrow mountain passes.

Etymology 3

Verb

trong

  1. past of trenga

References

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“clear; limpid”).

Adjective

trong • (冲, 工, 沖, 𤁘, 𤄯)

  1. (of liquid) clear and thus presumably clean
    Antonym: đục
    Nước trong mà ! Uống chắc không sao đâu !
    The water looks pretty clean! Probably wouldn't hurt to drink a bit!
  2. (of a material) translucent or transparent
    Synonym: trong suốt
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“inside”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kluuŋ ~ *[k]luəŋ (“middle; insides”). Cognates include Muong tlong, Chut klɔːŋ¹, Pacoh callúng, Semnam kluoːŋ, Bulo Stieng kluŋ, and Khmer ក្នុង (knong). See also lòng. Proto-Tai *klaːŋᴬ (whence Thai กลาง (glaang)) and Proto-Mienic *ɢljaŋᴬ (whence Iu Mien jaangh) might just be look-alikes.

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 工 (MC kuwng) (modern SV: công) and 共 (MC gjowngH) (modern SV: cộng).

Unrelated to Chinese 中 (OC *truŋ) (B-S), which is read trung in modern Vietnamese and spelled tru᷄ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.

Preposition

trong • (中, 工, 宮, 𡧲, 𥪝, 𥪞, 𪚚)

  1. in; inside; within (an interior or enclosed space)
    trong nhà/phòng ― in(side) the house/room
    trong tim/lòng/bụng ― in one's heart (literally, “inside the heart/entrails/stomach”)
  2. within (an amount of time)
    Synonym: trong vòng
    trong (vòng) 4 tiếng ― within four hours
  3. in/among (a group)
    Synonym: trong số
    trong đám đông ― in/among the crowd
  4. in (a place in southern Vietnam)
    trong nam ― someplace in southern Vietnam; "the south"
Antonyms
Graphical notes
  • In certain modern romanization of Nôm texts where this morpheme was written with 工 (MC kuwng), 共 (MC gjowngH), and 宮 (MC kjuwng), it is sometimes transcribed as ⟨cong⟩ or ⟨cung⟩. This is due to the misinterpretation of the nature of the graphemes: the phonological (and likely also phonetic) value of the morpheme that these graphemes represented at the time when they were first used was probably *klɔŋA1 (or something similar) and was the ancestor of modern trong, with the medial liquid maintained until at least the end of the Middle Vietnamese period. For a similar case, compare modern trả, giả (“to pay back, to return”) < *ɓlaːC1, used to be spelled with 把 (MC paeX) in numerous Nôm texts. The *cong and *cung romanizations are thus nothing more than ghosts, and ought to be transcripted instead as ⟨trong⟩ (if scriptor only tries to write the modern reflex) or reconstructed *klɔŋA1 (for historical value).
See also
Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia