wsjr

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Egyptian

Etymology

Several proposals have been made for the etymology and meaning of the original name; as Smith (2017) notes, none are fully convincing.[1] Most take wsjr as the accepted transliteration, following Adolf Erman:

  • Griffiths (1980), “bearing in mind Erman’s emphasis on the fact that the name must begin with an w”, proposes a derivation from wsr with an original meaning of “The Mighty One”.[2]
  • Sethe (1930) proposes a compound st-jrt, meaning “seat of the eye”, in a hypothetical earlier form *wst-jrt; this is rejected by Griffiths on phonetic grounds.[2]
  • Lorton (1985) takes up a similar compound but explains st-jrt as signifying “product, something made”, from the verb jrj, with Osiris representing the product of the mummification process.[3]
  • Westendorf (1987) proposes an etymology from wꜣst-jrt “she who bears the eye”.[4]
  • Zeidler (2000) reviews the common hypotheses and rejects the interpretation of the second element as either jrj (“to do, make”) or jrt (“eye”) on phonetic grounds, ultimately agreeing with Griffiths on the meaning and rendering the name (w)sr(w) with the assumption that the writing of the name reflects an archaic use of the throne and eye hieroglyphs as uniliteral signs.[5]
  • Smith (2017) makes no definitive proposals but asserts that the second element must be a form of jrj (“to do, make”) (rather than jrt (“eye”)), since the word is found complemented with r in writings of the Middle Kingdom.[1]

However, recently alternative transliterations have been proposed:

  • Muchiki (1990) reexamines Erman’s evidence that the throne hieroglyph in the word is to be read ws and finds it unconvincing, suggesting instead that the name should be read ꜣsjr on the basis of Aramaic, Phoenician, and Old South Arabian transcriptions, readings of the throne sign in other words, and comparison with ꜣst (“Isis”).[6]
  • Allen (2010) reads the word as jsjrt but later revises the reading (2013) to jsjrj and derives it from js-jrj, meaning “engendering (male) principle”.[7]
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Wikipedia
Q1
ir		 A40

Pronunciation

Proper noun

stir

 m

  1. the god Osiris
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 1:
      inDD
      Hr
      k      		 Q2
      ir      		 nb
      H ra H      		 swt
      Z2ss      		 nTrI1S
      Z2      		 r
      n
      nw Z2ss      		 Dsr
      r      		 xprZ3S
      t U30      		 iir
      w      		 mr
      Z1      		 pr
      Z1 Z2ss
      j.nḏ ḥr.k wsjr nb nḥḥ nswt nṯr(w) ꜥšꜣ rnw ḏsr ḫprw štꜣ jrw m rw-prw
      Hail to you, Osiris, lord of eternity, king of gods, numerous of names, sacred of developments, secret of rites in temples!
  2. (in funerary literature) conventionally appended before the name of the deceased: Osirian form of a dead person, deceased person as Osiris (see usage notes)

Usage notes

As a designation for the deceased, this word has traditionally been interpreted as standing in apposition to the dead person’s name, identifying them with the god Osiris: ‘the Osiris N.N.’ However, a variant form of this construction with the word n(j) (“of”) inserted between the two elements is attested since the Coffin Texts. This suggests the version where the two are juxtaposed is in fact a direct genitive construction meaning ‘the Osiris of N.N.’, not an apposition. Smith suggests that the meaning of ‘the Osiris of’ a dead person was ‘the form that an individual acquired as a result of the rites of mummification and justification’, at the end of which ‘they could be said to possess an Osiris-aspect’, an ‘Osirian form’ unique to each individual and not to be directly identified with the god Osiris.[1]

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wsjr  
st
ir
irst
st
ir		 A40
irstA40
F51B
r		 A40
Q2
ir
H8
r
stir
r		 A40
wsjr wsjr wsjr wsjr wsr wsjr wsr wsjr
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wsjr  
Q2
ir		 A40
ir
Q2
U40irA40
straA40
ir
st nTr
wAsir
wsr
A40
WsgbA40
sxtgbrnTr
wsjr wsjr wsjr wsjr wsjr wꜣsjr wsr wsr wsr
in hieratic in hieratic

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Smith, Mark (2017) Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian Afterlife from Four Millennia, pages 124–126, 372–389
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Griffiths, John Gwyn (1980) The Origins of Osiris and His Cult
  3. ^ Lorton, David (1985) in Varia Aegyptiaca I, pages 117–121
  4. ^ Westendorf, Wolfhart (1987) “Zur Etymologie des Namens Osiris: *wꜣs.t-jr.t “die das Auge trägt”.” in J. Osing and G. Dreyer (editors), Form und Mass: Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten: Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht zum 65. Geburtstag am 6. Februar 1987, pages 456–461
  5. ^ Zeidler, Jürgen (2000) “Zur Etymologie des Gottesnamens Osiris” in Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, volume 28, pages 309–316
  6. ^ Muchiki, Yoshi (1990) “On the transliteration of the name Osiris” in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, volume 76, pages 191–194
  7. ^ Allen, James P. (2013) “The Name of Osiris (and Isis)” in Lingua Aegyptia, volume 21, pages 9–14.
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