zꜣw

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Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

V17wA1

 m

  1. magician, wizard, sorcerer
    • c. 1550 BCE, Ebers Papyrus, 99, 2-4:
      i
      r      		 n
      U19      		 nwWD37
      D37      		 WT11
      nw Z1      		 A1nbsxmx
      t      		 Z5wabmw
      A1nbV17wA1nba
      a      		 DbaDbaDbafHr
      Z1      		 tp
      Z1      		 Hr
      Z1      		 ma
      k      		 M16AtpHr
      Z1      		 d
      t Z2      		 Hr
      Z1      		 stt
      pr      		 ib
      Z1      		 Hr
      Z1
      a
      Z1      		 W
      y      		 Hr
      Z1      		 rdrdnbxAAAa
      f      		 nHAt
      t y      		 ib
      jr nw rḏjw zjnw nb sḫmt-wꜥb
      nb zꜣw nb ꜥwj ḏbꜥw.f ḥr tp ḥr mkḥꜣ ḥr ḏrwt ḥr st jb ḥr
      ꜥwj ḥr rdwj nb ḫꜣ.f n ḥꜣtj
      As for these , if any doctor, any wab-priest of Sekhmet,
      or any magician places two hands or his fingers on the head, or on the back of the head, or on the hands, or on the place of the heart, or on
      the two arms, or on each of the two legs, he examines the heart .
Inflection
Declension of zꜣw (masculine)
singular zꜣw
dual zꜣwwj
plural zꜣww

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

A47AwA24

 3ae inf.

  1. (transitive) to guard, to protect
  2. (reflexive) to beware, to guard oneself against
  3. (transitive, in a noun clause, with a subjunctive verb as object) lest
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.1–2.2:
      maA
      a      		 AY1ibZ1kHrZ1xpSxpSA24mHr
      r      		 ibDAAmA17AA1
      Z2      		 k
      z
      zA      		 AWA47A24it
      n      		 D20A24k
      (j)m ꜥꜣ jb.k ḥr ḫpš m ḥr(j) jb ḏꜣmw.k zꜣw jtn.k
      Don’t grow arrogant (lit. don’t make your heart big) on account of (your) strength in the midst of your cohort, lest you be challenged.
Inflection
Conjugation of zꜣw (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: zꜣ, geminated stem: zꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
zꜣt, zꜣj
 zꜣw, zꜣ
 zꜣt, zꜣwt, zꜣyt
 zꜣ
 zꜣ, zꜣy
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
zꜣ8, zꜣꜣ8
 ḥr zꜣt, ḥr zꜣj
 m zꜣt, m zꜣj
 r zꜣt, r zꜣj
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect zꜣ.n
 zꜣw, zꜣ, zꜣy
 consecutive zꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative zꜣt, zꜣyt
perfective3 zꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 zꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective zꜣ, zꜣy
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 zꜣw, zꜣ, zꜣy
 zꜣw, zꜣ, zꜣy
 potentialis1 zꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive zꜣ, zꜣy
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect zꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective zꜣw1, zꜣy, zꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 zꜣ
 zꜣy, zꜣ
imperfective zꜣꜣ, zꜣꜣy, zꜣꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 zꜣꜣ, zꜣꜣj6, zꜣꜣy6
 zꜣꜣ, zꜣꜣw5
prospective zꜣw1, zꜣy, zꜣ, zꜣtj7
 — zꜣwtj1 4, zꜣtj4, zꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
  8. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Most likely derived from a form of the verb zꜣw (“to guard, to protect”), perhaps via an earlier form *zꜣjw, for which see the reconstructed pronunciation.

Pronunciation

 

Proper noun

z
zA		 Awniwt

  m./f. topo.

  1. Saïs, a city in Lower Egypt
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zꜣw  
z
zA		 iiniwt
z
zA		 niwt
zꜣy zꜣ
from Papyrus Chester Beatty I
Descendants
  • → Neo-Assyrian: 𒌷𒊓𒀀𒀀 (ālusa-a-a /⁠*saya⁠/)
  • → Ancient Greek: Σάϊς (Sáïs)
  • Demotic: sy

References

  • James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 156, 257.
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 420.1
  • Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 182
  • Erichsen, Wolja (1954) Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, page 408
  • Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001), The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎, volume S (13.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, page 44
  1. ^ Osing, Jürgen (1976) Die Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen, Mainz/Rhein: von Zabern, →ISBN, pages 376, 405, 425
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