гражданин

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Bulgarian

Etymology

From Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. The modern meaning is a calque of French bourgeois.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
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Noun

гра́жданин (gráždaninm (feminine гра́жданка, relational adjective гра́ждански)

  1. townsman, burgher (resident of a town, city)
  2. citizen (legal member of a state)

Declension

Derived terms

Further reading

  • гражданин”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
  • гражданин”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Russian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. Compare native горожа́нин (gorožánin), which was inherited from Old East Slavic. Related to го́род (górod, city).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: гра‧жда‧нин
  • Rhymes: -in

Noun

граждани́н (graždanínm anim (genitive граждани́на, nominative plural гра́ждане, genitive plural гра́ждан, feminine гражда́нка, relational adjective гражда́нский)

  1. citizen, national
    • November 24, 1917, Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin, Yakov Sverdlov, Decree on the Abolition of Estates and Civil Ranks:
      Всякие звания (дворянина, купца, мещанина, крестьянина и пр., титулы — княжеские, графские и пр.) и наименование гражданских чинов (тайные, статские и проч. советники) уничтожаются и устанавливается одно общее для всего населения России наименование — граждан Российской Республики.
      Vsjakije zvanija (dvorjanina, kupca, meščanina, krestʹjanina i pr., tituly — knjažeskije, grafskije i pr.) i naimenovanije graždanskix činov (tajnyje, statskije i proč. sovetniki) uničtožajutsja i ustanavlivajetsja odno obščeje dlja vsevo naselenija Rossii naimenovanije — graždan Rossijskoj Respubliki.
      Any titles (nobleman, merchant, tradesman, peasant, etc., princely, county titles, etc.) and the name of civilian officials (secret, state and other advisers) are destroyed and one common name for the entire Russian population is established — citizens of the Russian Republic.
  2. (formal, law enforcement) sir, mister, Mr. (form of address used by a police officer towards a male civilian)
    Граждани́н, пройдёмте.Graždanín, projdjómte.Sir, you're going to have to come with me.

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “гражданин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “горожанин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress