гражданин

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Bulgarian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. By surface analysis, град (grad, town) +‎ -янин (-janin) with palatalization of dental -д- before *j.

The modern civil meaning is a calque of French bourgeois.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

гра́жданин (gráždaninm (feminine гра́жданка, relational adjective гра́ждански)

  1. townsman, burgher (resident of a town, city)
  2. citizen (legal member of a state)

Declension

Declension of гра́жданин
singular plural
indefinite гра́жданин
gráždanin
гра́ждани
gráždani
definite
(subject form)
гра́жданинът
gráždaninǎt
гра́жданите
gráždanite
definite
(object form)
гра́жданина
gráždanina
count form гра́жданина
gráždanina
vocative form гра́жданино
gráždanino
гра́ждани
gráždani

Derived terms

References

Russian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. Compare native горожа́нин (gorožánin), which was inherited from Old East Slavic. Related to го́род (górod, city).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: гра‧жда‧нин
  • Rhymes: -in

Noun

граждани́н (graždanínm anim (genitive граждани́на, nominative plural гра́ждане, genitive plural гра́ждан, feminine гражда́нка, relational adjective гражда́нский)

  1. citizen, national
    • 1957 , Владимир Улянов-Ленин , Яков Свердлов , “Декрет об уничтожении сословий и гражданских чинов”, in Декреты советской власти, volume I, page 72; English translation from “Decree on the Abolition of Social Estates and Civil Ranks”, in Yuri Akhapkin, editor, First Decrees of Soviet Power, 1970, page 34:
      Всякие звания (дворянина, купца, мещанина, крестьянина и пр., титулы — княжеские, графские и пр.) и наименование гражданских чинов (тайные, статские и проч. советники) уничтожаются и устанавливается одно общее для всего населения России наименование — граждан Российской Республики.
      Vsjakije zvanija (dvorjanina, kupca, meščanina, krestʹjanina i pr., tituly — knjažeskije, grafskije i pr.) i naimenovanije graždanskix činov (tajnyje, statskije i proč. sovetniki) uničtožajutsja i ustanavlivajetsja odno obščeje dlja vsevo naselenija Rossii naimenovanije — graždan Rossijskoj Respubliki.
      All designations of social standing (nobleman, merchant, petty bourgeois, peasant, etc.), title (prince, count, etc.) and civil rank (privy councillor, councillor of state, etc.) are abolished and a single designation of citizens of the Russian Republic is established for the entire population of Russia.
    • 1972 , Лазарь Лагин , “Третье приключение в метро ”, in Старик Хоттабыч , pages 168-169:
      Подошёл дежурный по станции, увидел разбросанные по перрону клочья бороды и сказал:
      Гражданин, в метро надо соблюдать тишину... и чистоту...
      Podošól dežurnyj po stancii, uvidel razbrosannyje po perronu kločʹja borody i skazal:
      Graždanin, v metro nado sobljudatʹ tišinu... i čistotu...
      The officer on duty at the station came by, saw the tufts of beard scattered on the platform, and said:
      Citizen, at the metro it's necessary to keep silence... and cleanliness...”
  2. (formal, law enforcement) sir, mister, Mr. (form of address used by a police officer towards a male civilian)
    Граждани́н, пройдёмте.Graždanín, projdjómte.Sir, you're going to have to come with me.

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading