From Proto-Permic *kɔlni, from Proto-Uralic *kelke-. Cognates include Hungarian kell and Northern Sami galgat.
Permic cognates include Udmurt кулэ (kule, “it's needed”) and Komi-Permyak ковны (kovny).
ковны • (kovny)
| Conjugation of ковны (stem: кол-) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present tense | Future tense | |||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | |
| 1st singular | кола (kola) | ог ков (og kov) | кола (kola) | ог ков (og kov) |
| 2nd singular | колан (kolan) | он ков (on kov) | колан (kolan) | он ков (on kov) |
| 3rd singular | колӧ (kolö) | оз ков (oz kov) | колас (kolas) | оз ков (oz kov) |
| 1st plural | колам (kolam) | ог колӧй (og kolöj) | колам (kolam) | ог колӧй (og kolöj) |
| 2nd plural | коланныд (kolannyd) колад (kolad) |
он колӧй (on kolöj) | коланныд (kolannyd) колад (kolad) |
он колӧй (on kolöj) |
| 3rd plural | колӧны (kolöny) | оз колӧй (oz kolöj) | коласны (kolasny) | оз колӧй (oz kolöj) |
| Direct past tense | Reported past tense | |||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | |
| 1st singular | колі (koli) | эг ков (eg kov) | ||
| 2nd singular | колін (kolin) | эн ков (en kov) | колӧмыд (kolömyd) | абу колӧмыд (abu kolömyd) |
| 3rd singular | коліс (kolis) | эз ков (ez kov) | колӧма (kolöma) | абу колӧма (abu kolöma) |
| 1st plural | колім (kolim) | эг колӧй (eg kolöj) | ||
| 2nd plural | колінныд (kolinnyd) колід (kolid) |
эн колӧй (en kolöj) | колӧмныд (kolömnyd) | абу колӧмныд (abu kolömnyd) |
| 3rd plural | колісны (kolisny) | эз колӧй (ez kolöj) | колӧмаӧсь (kolömaöś) | абу колӧмаӧсь (abu kolömaöś) |
| Imperative | ||||
| positive | negative | |||
| 2nd singular | ков (kov) | эн ков (en kov) | Infinitive | ковны (kovny) |
| 2nd plural | колӧй (kolöj) | эн колӧй (en kolöj) | Present participle | колысь (kolyś) |
| *) The impersonal reported past is expressed using the third singular form. **) The first person imperative is expressed using the first person future form. ***) Any form ending in -ӧй has an alternative form ending in -ӧ. ****) The imperfect and perfect participles have alternative forms with a paragogic -а. |
Imperfect participle | колан (kolan) | ||
| Perfect participle | колӧм (kolöm) | |||
| Caritive participle | ковтӧм (kovtöm) | |||
| Nominal inflection of ковны | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impersonal | First person | Second person | Third person | |
| Nominative | ковны (kovny) | ковным (kovnym) | ковныд (kovnyd) | ковныс (kovnys) |
| Accusative | ковнытӧ (kovnytö) | ковнысӧ (kovnysö) | ||