تفنگ

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See also: تفنك

Persian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Borrowed most likely from Chagatai or Khorezmian Turkic and borrowed at least semantically also from Ottoman Turkish تفنك (tüfenk), cognate to Karakhanid (tüwek) in the Dīwān Luḡāt at-Turk meaning a blowpipe propelling pebbles to kill birds, so called by onomatopoeia mimicking the sound made when it is puffed: Tüf! See Azerbaijani tüfəng for cognates. The terminus ante quem the tüfenk in the meaning of a matchlock-gun has resounded in Persian lands is the end of the Battle of Çaldıran where the Safavids incurred resounding defeat because of the Ottoman use of – then expensive – firearms to devastate the Persians as resolutely as never before because of the new Shia threat.

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? tufang
Dari reading? tufang
Iranian reading? tofang
Tajik reading? tufang

Noun

Dari تفنگ
Iranian Persian
Tajik туфанг

تفنگ (tofang) (plural تفنگ‌ها (tofang-hâ))

  1. musket
  2. firearm, gun
    Synonym: اسلحه گرم (aslahe garm)

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Bakhtiari: تفنگ (tofang)
  • Bashkardi:
    Minabi: تفنگ (tofang)
  • Hindustani:
    Hindi: तुफ़ंग (tufaṅg)
    Urdu: تفنگ (tufáng)
  • Kermanic:
    Abuzeydabadi: tafang
    Abyanehi: tofang
    Hanjani, Yarandi: tefeng
  • Pashto: تفنگ (tufáng), توپک (topák)
  • Parachi: تفنگ (tofang)
  • Yidgha: (tûfuk)

References

  • Vullers, Johann August (1855) “تفنگ”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 451a

Urdu

A painting of Mughal Emperor Jahangir holding a تفنگ (tufáng, "gun", "rifle") after slaying a nilgai during a royal hunt.

Alternative forms

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian تفنگ (tufang), perhaps from Khorezmian Turkic, but more likely via Chagatai through the Mughal Empire whose rulers were initially Chagatai-speaking, and established one of the three "gunpowder empires" alongside the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran. The word is itself derived as an onomatopoeia mimicking the sound of blowpipes used to kill birds.

Pronunciation

Noun

تفنگ (tufaṅgf (Hindi spelling तुफ़ंग)

  1. gun, rifle, firearm
  2. (historical) musket, matchlock
  3. (outdated, rare) blowpipe

Derived terms

References

  • Fallon, Platts, Qureshi, Shakespear (2024) “تفنگ”, in Digital Dictionaries of South Asia [Combined Urdu Dictionaries]