वर्ण
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Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit वर्ण (várṇa). Doublet of बान (bān).
Pronunciation
Noun
वर्ण • (varṇ) m
- color
- Synonym: रंग (raṅg)
- race (ethnic group, often categorized by skin colour)
- caste, class
- letter
- वर्णमाला ― varṇamālā ― alphabet
- (phonetics) a phone
Declension
Declension of वर्ण (masc cons-stem)
Derived terms
References
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “वर्ण”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit वर्ण (várṇa).
Pronunciation
Noun
वर्ण • (varṇa) m
- colour
- Synonym: रंग (raṅga)
- complexion
- कृष्णवर्ण
- kŕṣṇavarṇa
- dark complexion
- letter
Derived terms
- वर्णमाला (varṇamālā)
- वर्णानुक्रम (varṇānukram)
- वर्णीय (varṇīy)
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ৱৰ্ণ (Assamese script)
- ᬯᬃᬡ (Balinese script)
- বর্ণ (Bengali script)
- 𑰪𑰨𑰿𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀡 (Brahmi script)
- ဝရ်္ဏ (Burmese script)
- વર્ણ (Gujarati script)
- ਵਰ੍ਣ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌣 (Grantha script)
- ꦮꦂꦟ (Javanese script)
- 𑂫𑂩𑂹𑂝 (Kaithi script)
- ವರ್ಣ (Kannada script)
- វណ៌ (Khmer script)
- ວຣ຺ຓ (Lao script)
- വര്ണ (Malayalam script)
- ᠸᠠᡵᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘪𑘨𑘿𑘜 (Modi script)
- ᠸᠠᠷᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧊𑧈𑧠𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐞 (Newa script)
- ଵର୍ଣ (Odia script)
- ꢮꢬ꣄ꢠ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆮𑆫𑇀𑆟 (Sharada script)
- 𑖪𑖨𑖿𑖜 (Siddham script)
- වර්ණ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩾𑩼 𑪙𑩪 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚦𑚤𑚶𑚘 (Takri script)
- வர்ண (Tamil script)
- వర్ణ (Telugu script)
- วรฺณ (Thai script)
- ཝ་རྞ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒫𑒩𑓂𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨭𑨫𑩇𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wárnas, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cover”). By surface analysis, वृ (vṛ, “cover”, root) + -न (-na). Compare वृणोति (vṛṇoti, “to cover”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 (varənah, “covering”), English warn.
Noun
वर्ण • (várṇa) stem, m
- covering, cloak, mantle
- cover, lid
- outward appearance, exterior, figure, form, shape, color
- color of the face, (esp. good color or complexion), luster, beauty
- color, tint, dye, pigment
- the order or arrangement of a song or poem
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of वर्ण (várṇa) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | वर्णः várṇaḥ |
वर्णौ / वर्णा¹ várṇau / várṇā¹ |
वर्णाः / वर्णासः¹ várṇāḥ / várṇāsaḥ¹ |
| Vocative | वर्ण várṇa |
वर्णौ / वर्णा¹ várṇau / várṇā¹ |
वर्णाः / वर्णासः¹ várṇāḥ / várṇāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | वर्णम् várṇam |
वर्णौ / वर्णा¹ várṇau / várṇā¹ |
वर्णान् várṇān |
| Instrumental | वर्णेन várṇena |
वर्णाभ्याम् várṇābhyām |
वर्णैः / वर्णेभिः¹ várṇaiḥ / várṇebhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | वर्णाय várṇāya |
वर्णाभ्याम् várṇābhyām |
वर्णेभ्यः várṇebhyaḥ |
| Ablative | वर्णात् várṇāt |
वर्णाभ्याम् várṇābhyām |
वर्णेभ्यः várṇebhyaḥ |
| Genitive | वर्णस्य várṇasya |
वर्णयोः várṇayoḥ |
वर्णानाम् várṇānām |
| Locative | वर्णे várṇe |
वर्णयोः várṇayoḥ |
वर्णेषु várṇeṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Probably a semantic extension of the "color, species" meaning above.
Noun
वर्ण • (várṇa) stem, m
- a letter, sound, vowel, syllable, word
- a musical sound or note (also applied to the voice of animals)
- praise, commendation, renown, glory
Descendants
- Prakrit: 𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡 (vaṇṇa)
- Pali: vaṇṇa
- → Assamese: বৰ্ণ (borno)
- → Early Assamese: বৰণ (boroṇo)
- Assamese: বৰণ (boron)
- → Bengali: বরন (boron), বর্ণ (borno)
- → Santali: ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱱ (boron)
- → English: varna
- → Gujarati: વર્ણ (varṇ)
- → Hindi: वर्ण (varṇ)
- → Kannada: ವರ್ಣ (varṇa)
- → Khmer: ពណ៌ (pɔə)
- → Madurese: bârna
- → Malay: warna (ورنا), rona (رونا) (through metathesis)
- Indonesian: warna
- → Marathi: वर्ण (varṇa)
- → Old Marathi: 𑘪𑘨𑘿𑘜 (varṇa)
- → Old Javanese: warṇa
- → Tamil: வர்ணம் (varṇam) (learned)
- → Telugu: వర్ణము (varṇamu)
- → Thai: วรรณ (wan)
References
- “व॑र्ण” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 475, column 2.
- Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “वर्ण”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 271
- Monier Williams (1899) “Várṇa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 924, column 2.
- Horace Hayman Wilson, A dictionary in Sanscrit and English, 2nd ed., Calcutta: Education Press, Circular Road, 1832, page 737
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 517-518
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 154