坑
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See also: 阬
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Translingual
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Han character
坑 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土卜竹弓 (GYHN), four-corner 40117, composition ⿰土亢)
Derived characters
Further reading
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4932
- Dae Jaweon: page 460, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 426, character 9
- Unihan data for U+5751
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
坑 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 阬 坈 ancient | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 坑 | |
|---|---|
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script |
|
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 笐 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 亢 | *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs |
| 牨 | *kaːŋ |
| 苀 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 魧 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 迒 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 邟 | *kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 忼 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ |
| 骯 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ |
| 抗 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 炕 | *kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ |
| 伉 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 閌 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 犺 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 蚢 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 砊 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 阬 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 頏 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 航 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 杭 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 沆 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 肮 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 吭 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 秔 | *kraːŋ |
| 坑 | *kʰraːŋ |
| 劥 | *kʰraːŋ |
In its current form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰraːŋ) : phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil”). Early forms appear to be 阬.
Etymology 1
Possibly related to 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; space; air”), though the function of the *-r- in the Old Chinese reconstruction is unclear and its presence thus problematic (STEDT).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): káng
- Eastern Min (BUC): kăng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1khan; 1khaon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: keng
- Wade–Giles: kʻêng1
- Yale: kēng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keng
- Palladius: кэн (kɛn)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɤŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (坑兒／坑儿)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄥㄦ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kengr
- Wade–Giles: kʻêng1-ʼrh
- Yale: kēngr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kengl
- Palladius: кэнр (kɛnr)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Note:
- kēngr - “pit; hollow”.
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haang1
- Yale: hāang
- Cantonese Pinyin: haang1
- Guangdong Romanization: hang1
- Sinological IPA (key): /haːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hang1 / hang4
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ³³/, /haŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: hang4 - “ravine”.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hâng
- Hakka Romanization System: hangˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hang1
- Sinological IPA: /haŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kăng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Sanxia, Hsinchu, Lukang, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: khinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: qvy
- IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /kʰĩ³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰĩ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan, Yilan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheⁿ
- Tâi-lô: khenn
- Phofsit Daibuun: qvef
- IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kʰẽ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɛ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Sanxia, Hsinchu, Lukang, Magong)
Note:
- khiⁿ/kheⁿ - vernacular;
- kheng - literary.
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 坑 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Harbin | /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /kʰəŋ²¹/ | |
| Jinan | /kʰəŋ²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /kʰəŋ²¹³/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /kʰəŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /kʰəŋ²¹/ | |
| Xining | /kʰə̃⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Lanzhou | /kʰə̃n³¹/ | |
| Ürümqi | /kʰɤŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Wuhan | /kʰən⁵⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /kʰən⁵⁵/ | |
| Guiyang | /kʰen⁵⁵/ | |
| Kunming | /kʰə⁴⁴̃/ | |
| Nanjing | /kʰən³¹/ | |
| Hefei | /kʰən²¹/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /kʰəŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /kʰə̃ŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰɑ̃⁵³/ |
| Suzhou | /kʰã⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /kʰen³³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /kʰiɛ³³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰʌ̃³¹/ /kʰɛ³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /kʰɛ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰən³³/ |
| Xiangtan | /kʰən³³/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰɑŋ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /haŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /hɑŋ²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /haŋ⁵³/ |
| Nanning | /haŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /haŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiŋ⁵⁵/ /kʰĩ⁵⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰaŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰẽ³³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /xaŋ³⁵/ /xaŋ³¹/ 俗 |
- Middle Chinese: khaeng
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰraːŋ/
Definitions
坑
- pit; hole (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
- tunnel
- (dialectal, including Cantonese) ditch; trench (Classifier: 條／条 c)
- (dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Taishanese) valley; gully; ravine
- (Hakka) small stream; creek; brook (Classifier: 條／条 h)
- (figurative) trap
- (by extension, neologism, Internet slang) fandom; media franchise
- 入坑 ― rùkēng ― to get into a fandom
- (literary) to bury alive
- to entrap; to cheat
Synonyms
- (pit): (dialectal) 潭 (tán)
- (to entrap):
Compounds
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Mandarin 漢?”)
Pronunciation
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haang1
- Yale: hāang
- Cantonese Pinyin: haang1
- Guangdong Romanization: hang1
- Sinological IPA (key): /haːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
坑
Compounds
Japanese
Kanji
坑
Readings
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 坑 |
| こう Grade: S |
| on'yomi |
Noun
- pit, usually of a mine
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 坑 (MC khaeng).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄏᆡᇰ (Yale: khoyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): ~
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
坑 (eumhun 구덩이 갱 (gudeong'i gaeng))
Compounds
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
坑: Hán Việt readings: khanh, khâng, khuâng
坑: Nôm readings: khanh, ganh
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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