敦煌

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Chinese

phonetic
trad. (敦煌) 敦 煌
simp. #(敦煌) 敦 煌
alternative forms 燉煌
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Etymology

Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /⁠*θurwān, θruwān⁠/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the "Sogdian Ancient Letters" (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 敦 煌
Reading # 2/4 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 魂 (55) 唐 (102)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 都昆切 胡光切
Baxter twon hwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuən/ /ɦwɑŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuon/ /ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tuən/ /ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/twən/ /ɦwaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/tuən/ /ɣuɑŋ/
Wang
Li 		/tuən/ /ɣuɑŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tuən/ /ɣwɑŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dūn huáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		deon1 wong4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敦 煌
Reading # 3/3 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dūn huáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ twon › ‹ hwang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁur/ /*ʷˁaŋ/
English 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng 敦煌 Dūnhuáng

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦 煌
Reading # 2/4 1/1
No. 2594 12700
Phonetic
component 		敦 王
Rime
group 		元 陽
Rime
subdivision 		3 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		團 黃
Old
Chinese 		/*doːn/ /*ɡʷaːŋ/

Proper noun

敦煌

  1. (～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)
  2. (historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)
  3. (～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

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