普通話
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→ English: p'u-t'ung-hua, Putonghua
See also: 普通话
Chinese
spoken words; speech; dialect spoken words; speech; dialect; language; talk; conversation; what someone said | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (普通話) | 普通 | 話 | |
| simp. (普通话) | 普通 | 话 | |
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
The term appeared in Chinese and Japanese publications the second half of the 19th century. The connotation “national language” probably originated under Japanese influence. It has been in official use in the People’s Republic of China since the mid-1950s.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pu3 tong1 hua4
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pou2 tung1 waa6-2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): pu2 huung1 va5*
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): pū-tŭng-uâ
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): phó͘-thong-ōe / phó͘-thong-ōa / phú-thong-goee
- (Teochew, Peng'im): pou2 tong1 uê7
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5phu-thon-gho
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: pǔtonghuà
- Wade–Giles: pʻu3-tʻung1-hua4
- Yale: pǔ-tūng-hwà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: puutonghuah
- Palladius: путунхуа (putunxua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: pu3 tong1 hua4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: putungxua
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: pou2 tung1 waa6-2
- Yale: póu tūng wá
- Cantonese Pinyin: pou2 tung1 waa6-2
- Guangdong Romanization: pou2 tung1 wa6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: pu2 huung1 va5*
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phû-thûng-fa
- Hakka Romanization System: puˊ tungˊ fa
- Hagfa Pinyim: pu1 tung1 fa4
- Sinological IPA: /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: pū-tŭng-uâ
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰu³³⁻²¹ (tʰ-)luŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (Ø-)ŋuɑ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phó͘-thong-ōe
- Tâi-lô: phóo-thong-uē
- Phofsit Daibuun: phoftong'oe
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/
- IPA (Xiamen): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phó͘-thong-ōa
- Tâi-lô: phóo-thong-uā
- Phofsit Daibuun: phoftong'oa
- IPA (Penang): /pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phú-thong-goee
- Tâi-lô: phú-thong-guee
- IPA (Longyan): /pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: pou2 tong1 uê7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phóu thong uē
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
Noun
普通話
- common language
- (chiefly Mainland China, recently in Hong Kong) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese
- (usually in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)) mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua
Synonyms
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 國語, 中文 |
| Malaysia | 華語, 華文 | |
| Singapore | 華語, 華文 | |
| Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 中國話 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 普通話 |
| Oudomxay | 中國話 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 普通話, 普語 |
| Hong Kong | 國語, 普通話 | |
| Macau | 普通話 | |
| Nanning | 普通話 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 華語 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 華語 | |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 普通話, 國語 dated | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 國語 dated |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 華語 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 華語 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 華語 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 華語 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 華語 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 華語 | |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 普通話, 國語 dated |
| Sitiawan (Gutian) | 華文 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 普通話, 國語 dated |
| Quanzhou | 普通話 | |
| Jinjiang | 國語 | |
| Zhangzhou | 普通話 | |
| Tainan | 華語, 國語 GT | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 華語, 唐儂話 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 華語, 唐儂話 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 國語, 國語話, 華語, 普通話 | |
| Longyan | 普通話 | |
| Chaozhou | 普通話 | |
| Shantou | 普通話 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 普通話 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 華語, 唐儂話 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 普通閒話 |
| Suzhou | 普通閒話 | |
| Ningbo | 普通閒話 | |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (not particular region identified) | |
Hypernyms
- 官話／官话 (guānhuà), 北方話／北方话 (běifānghuà): Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua
Hyponyms
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (普通話):
- → Japanese: 普通話 (futsūwa)
- → Korean: 보통화(普通話) (botonghwa)
- → Vietnamese: phổ thông thoại (普通話)
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 普 | 通 | 話 |
| ふ Grade: S |
つう Grade: 2 |
わ Grade: 2 |
| goon | kan'yōon | |
Etymology
From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).
Pronunciation
Noun
- (uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin
Synonyms
Korean
| Hanja in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 普 | 通 | 話 |
Noun
普通話 • (botonghwa) (hangeul 보통화)
Vietnamese
| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 普 | 通 | 話 |
Noun
普通話
- chữ Hán form of phổ thông thoại (“Mandarin, Putonghua”).