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艱難. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
艱難, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
艱難 in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
艱難 you have here. The definition of the word
艱難 will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
艱難, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Chinese
|
|
difficult; hard; hardship
|
disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good |
| trad. (艱難)
|
艱
|
難
|
| simp. (艰难)
|
艰
|
难
|
Pronunciation
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
| Character
|
艱
|
難
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
1/2
|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
|
jiān
|
nán
|
Middle
Chinese
|
‹ kɛn ›
|
‹ nan ›
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*kˁrə/
|
/*nˁar/
|
| English
|
difficulty
|
difficult
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
| Character
|
艱
|
難
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
1/2
|
| No.
|
3912
|
4897
|
Phonetic
component
|
艮
|
暵
|
Rime
group
|
文
|
元
|
Rime
subdivision
|
1
|
1
|
Corresponding
MC rime
|
閒
|
難
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*krɯːn/
|
/*n̥ʰaːn/
|
| Notes
|
|
朱駿聲暵省聲
|
Adjective
艱難
- hard; difficult; challenging
- 時局艱難／时局艰难 ― shíjú jiānnán ― difficult political situation
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of
難 (“difficult”)
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Classical Chinese
|
難, 困難, 艱難
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
難, 困難, 艱難
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
難
|
| Taiwan
|
難
|
| Singapore
|
難
|
| Jilu Mandarin
|
Jinan
|
難
|
| Central Plains Mandarin
|
Xi'an
|
難
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Chengdu
|
難
|
| Wuhan
|
難
|
| Guilin
|
難
|
| Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Yangzhou
|
難
|
| Hefei
|
難
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
難, 惡 †
|
| Hong Kong
|
難, 惡 †
|
| Zhongshan (Shiqi)
|
難
|
| Taishan
|
難, 惡 †
|
| Yangjiang
|
難, 惡 †
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
難
|
| Gan
|
Nanchang
|
難
|
| Hakka
|
Meixian
|
難
|
| Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
難
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
難
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
難
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
難
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
難
|
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
難
|
| Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
難
|
| Northern Min
|
Jian'ou
|
難
|
| Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
艱難, 難
|
| Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
|
| Quanzhou
|
惡
|
| Jinjiang
|
難
|
| Zhangzhou
|
惡
|
| Zhao'an
|
惡, 䆀 †
|
| Dongshan
|
惡
|
| Taipei
|
惡
|
| New Taipei (Sanxia)
|
惡
|
| Kaohsiung
|
惡
|
| Yilan
|
惡
|
| Changhua (Lukang)
|
惡
|
| Taichung
|
惡
|
| Tainan
|
惡, 歹 †
|
| Hsinchu
|
惡
|
| Kinmen
|
惡
|
| Penghu (Magong)
|
惡
|
| Penang (Hokkien)
|
艱苦, 歹 †
|
| Singapore (Hokkien)
|
惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
|
| Manila (Hokkien)
|
艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
|
| Chaozhou
|
惡
|
| Shantou
|
難, 惡
|
| Shantou (Chenghai)
|
惡
|
| Jieyang
|
惡, 艱苦
|
| Haifeng
|
惡
|
| Singapore (Teochew)
|
惡, 歹 †
|
| Wenchang
|
惡
|
| Haikou
|
惡
|
| Singapore (Hainanese)
|
惡
|
| Wu
|
Suzhou
|
難
|
| Wenzhou
|
難
|
| Xiang
|
Changsha
|
難
|
| Shuangfeng
|
難
|
| Note
|
† - only used with a verbal complement
|
Derived terms
Descendants
See also
Japanese
| Alternative spelling
|
| 艱難 (kyūjitai)
|
Pronunciation
Noun
艱難 • (kannan)
- hardships, difficulties
Verb
艱難する • (kannan suru) suru (stem 艱難し (kannan shi), past 艱難した (kannan shita))
- to experience hardships, difficulties
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective")
|
艱難し
|
かんなんし
|
kannan shi
|
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative")
|
艱難し
|
かんなんし
|
kannan shi
|
| Shūshikei ("terminal")
|
艱難する
|
かんなんする
|
kannan suru
|
| Rentaikei ("attributive")
|
艱難する
|
かんなんする
|
kannan suru
|
| Kateikei ("hypothetical")
|
艱難すれ
|
かんなんすれ
|
kannan sure
|
| Meireikei ("imperative")
|
艱難せよ¹
艱難しろ²
|
かんなんせよ¹
かんなんしろ²
|
kannan seyo¹
kannan shiro²
|
| Key constructions
|
| Passive
|
艱難される
|
かんなんされる
|
kannan sareru
|
| Causative
|
艱難させる
艱難さす
|
かんなんさせる
かんなんさす
|
kannan saseru
kannan sasu
|
| Potential
|
艱難できる
|
かんなんできる
|
kannan dekiru
|
| Volitional
|
艱難しよう
|
かんなんしよう
|
kannan shiyō
|
| Negative
|
艱難しない
|
かんなんしない
|
kannan shinai
|
| Negative continuative
|
艱難せず
|
かんなんせず
|
kannan sezu
|
| Formal
|
艱難します
|
かんなんします
|
kannan shimasu
|
| Perfective
|
艱難した
|
かんなんした
|
kannan shita
|
| Conjunctive
|
艱難して
|
かんなんして
|
kannan shite
|
| Hypothetical conditional
|
艱難すれば
|
かんなんすれば
|
kannan sureba
|
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
|
Derived terms
References
Korean
Noun
艱難 • (gannan) (hangeul 간난)
- hanja form? of 간난 (“hardships, privations, tribulations”)
Vietnamese
Adjective
艱難
- chữ Hán form of gian nan (“miserably hard; difficult; tough”).