閉じる

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
閉
と
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Derived from older form 閉(と)づ (tozu) via regular historical processes in the shift to the 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) pattern. Over time, the distinction between ぢ (dji) and じ (ji) was lost, leading to the modern spelling of とじる (tojiru).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 閉づ entry.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「閉じる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		閉じる とじる
Imperative (命令形) 閉じろ とじろ
Key constructions
Passive 閉じられる とじられる
Causative 閉じさせる とじさせる
Potential 閉じられる とじられる
Volitional 閉じよう とじよー
Negative 閉じない とじない
Negative perfective 閉じなかった とじなかった
Formal 閉じます とじます
Perfective 閉じた とじた
Conjunctive 閉じて とじて
Hypothetical conditional 閉じれば とじれば

Verb

閉(と)じる • (tojiru) ←とぢる (todiru)?transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 閉(と)じ (toji), past 閉(と)じた (tojita))

  1. to shut, to close
    Synonyms: (transitive) 閉める (shimeru), (intransitive) 閉まる (shimaru)
    目(め)を閉(と)じる
    me o tojiru
    to close the eyes
  2. (proofreading, orthography) to write a Japanese word using kanji
    Antonym: 開く (hiraku)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "閉じる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 閉じ とじ toji
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 閉じ とじ toji
Shūshikei ("terminal") 閉じる とじる tojiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 閉じる とじる tojiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 閉じれ とじれ tojire
Meireikei ("imperative") 閉じよ¹
閉じろ² 		とじよ¹
とじろ² 		tojiyo¹
tojiro²
Key constructions
Passive 閉じられる とじられる tojirareru
Causative 閉じさせる
閉じさす 		とじさせる
とじさす 		tojisaseru
tojisasu
Potential 閉じられる
閉じれる³ 		とじられる
とじれる³ 		tojirareru
tojireru³
Volitional 閉じよう とじよう tojiyō
Negative 閉じない
閉じぬ
閉じん 		とじない
とじぬ
とじん 		tojinai
tojinu
tojin
Negative continuative 閉じず とじず tojizu
Formal 閉じます とじます tojimasu
Perfective 閉じた とじた tojita
Conjunctive 閉じて とじて tojite
Hypothetical conditional 閉じれば とじれば tojireba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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