열둘

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Korean

Korean numbers (edit)
 ←  11 12 13  → 
    Native isol.: 열둘 (yeoldul)
    Native attr.: 열두 (yeoldu)
    Sino-Korean: 십이 (sibi)
    Hanja: 十二

Etymology

Of native Korean origin. From (yeol) + (dul).

Pronunciation

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?yeoldul
Revised Romanization (translit.)?yeoldul
McCune–Reischauer?yŏltul
Yale Romanization?yelqtwul

Numeral

열둘 (yeoldul)

  1. (native numeral) twelve (in isolation, with a nominal sense)
    Synonyms: 열두 (yeoldu, twelve, before a noun or classifier as a determiner), 십이(十二) (twelve, Sino-Korean numeral)

Usage notes

In modern Korean, numbers are usually written in Arabic numerals.

The Korean language has two sets of numerals: a native set of numerals inherited from Old Korean, and a Sino-Korean set which was borrowed from Middle Chinese in the first millennium C.E.

Native classifiers take native numerals.

Some Sino-Korean classifiers take native numerals, others take Sino-Korean numerals, while yet others take both.

Recently loaned classifiers generally take Sino-Korean numerals.

For many terms, a native numeral has a quantifying sense, whereas a Sino-Korean numeral has a sense of labeling.

  • 반(班) (se ban, three school classes, native numeral)
  • 반(班) (sam ban, Class Number Three, Sino-Korean numeral)

When used in isolation, native numerals refer to objects of that number and are used in counting and quantifying, whereas Sino-Korean numerals refer to the numbers in a more mathematical sense.

  • 하나 주세 (hana-man deo juse-yo, Could you give me just one more, please, native numeral)
  • 더하기 ? (il deohagi ir-eun?, What's one plus one?, Sino-Korean numeral)

While older stages of Korean had native numerals up to the thousands, native numerals currently exist only up to ninety-nine, and Sino-Korean is used for all higher numbers. There is also a tendency—particularly among younger speakers—to uniformly use Sino-Korean numerals for the higher tens as well, so that native numerals such as 일흔 (ilheun, “seventy”) or 아흔 (aheun, “ninety”) are becoming less common.