каля
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Каля.
Belarusian
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Preposition
каля́ • (kaljá)
Further reading
- “каля” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
- “каля”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
Bulgarian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kaliti.
Pronunciation
Verb
каля́ • (kaljá) first-singular present indicative, pf (imperfective каля́вам)
- to temper (metal, glass, etc.), to harden
- (figurative, transitive) to toughen up, to make resilient
Conjugation
Conjugation of каля́ (conjugation 2.1, perfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | — | кали́л kalíl |
каля́л kaljál |
кале́н kalén |
— | |
| definite subject form | — | кали́лият kalílijat |
— | кале́ният kalénijat | |||
| definite object form | — | кали́лия kalílija |
— | кале́ния kalénija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | — | кали́ла kalíla |
каля́ла kaljála |
кале́на kaléna | ||
| definite | — | кали́лата kalílata |
— | кале́ната kalénata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | — | кали́ло kalílo |
каля́ло kaljálo |
кале́но kaléno |
— | |
| definite | — | кали́лото kalíloto |
— | кале́ното kalénoto |
— | ||
| plural | indefinite | — | кали́ли kalíli |
кале́ли kaléli |
кале́ни kaléni |
— | |
| definite | — | кали́лите kalílite |
— | кале́ните kalénite |
— | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | каля́ kaljá |
кали́ш kalíš |
кали́ kalí |
кали́м kalím |
кали́те kalíte |
каля́т kalját | |
| imperfect | каля́х kaljáh |
кале́ше kaléše |
кале́ше kaléše |
каля́хме kaljáhme |
каля́хте kaljáhte |
каля́ха kaljáha | |
| aorist | кали́х kalíh |
кали́ kalí |
кали́ kalí |
кали́хме kalíhme |
кали́хте kalíhte |
кали́ха kalíha | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| кали́ kalí |
кале́те kaléte |
||||||
Derived terms
- закаля́ pf (zakaljá), закаля́вам impf (zakaljávam)
- кале́н (kalén, “tempered, sturdy”)
- каля́ч (kaljáč, agent noun)
- накаля́ pf (nakaljá), накаля́вам impf (nakaljávam) (dialectal)
- прекаля́ pf (prekaljá), прекаля́вам impf (prekaljávam, “to overdo, to go too far”)
- разкаля́ pf (razkaljá), разкаля́вам impf (razkaljávam) (dialectal)
References
- “каля”, in Речник на българския език (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- “каля”, in Речник на българския език (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “калявам, каля”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 181
Komi-Zyrian
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Noun
каля • (kaľa)
Declension
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | каля (kaľa) | каляяс (kaľajas) | |
| accusative | I 1 | каля (kaľa) | каляяс (kaľajas) |
| II 1 | каляӧс (kaľaös) | каляясӧс (kaľajasös) | |
| instrumental | каляӧн (kaľaön) | каляясӧн (kaľajasön) | |
| comitative | калякӧд (kaľaköd) | каляяскӧд (kaľajasköd) | |
| caritive | калятӧг (kaľatög) | каляястӧг (kaľajastög) | |
| consecutive | каляла (kaľala) | каляясла (kaľajasla) | |
| genitive | калялӧн (kaľalön) | каляяслӧн (kaľajaslön) | |
| ablative | калялысь (kaľalyś) | каляяслысь (kaľajaslyś) | |
| dative | калялы (kaľaly) | каляяслы (kaľajasly) | |
| inessive | каляын (kaľayn) | каляясын (kaľajasyn) | |
| elative | каляысь (kaľayś) | каляясысь (kaľajasyś) | |
| illative | каляӧ (kaľaö) | каляясӧ (kaľajasö) | |
| egressive | калясянь (kaľaśań) | каляяссянь (kaľajasśań) | |
| approximative | калялань (kaľalań) | каляяслань (kaľajaslań) | |
| terminative | каляӧдз (kaľaödź) | каляясӧдз (kaľajasödź) | |
| prolative | I | каляӧд (kaľaöd) | каляясӧд (kaľajasöd) |
| II | каляті (kaľati) | каляясті (kaľajasti) | |
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
1 Animate nouns almost exclusively take the type II accusative ending, whereas inanimate nouns can be used with either ending, but are more often found with type I.
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References
- L. M. Beznosikova, E. A. Ajbabina, R. I. Kosnyreva (2000) Коми-русский словарь , →ISBN, page 254
Russian
Pronunciation
Participle
каля́ • (kaljá)
- present adverbial imperfective participle of кали́ть (kalítʹ)