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In the time of ʿUmar a زُنَّار(zunnār) would mean a belt worn by Christians, Jews, Sabians, Magians and other non-Muslims; for it had become fashionable in the Byzantine Empire under Diocletian and Constantine to wear a ζώνη(zṓnē) or cingulum which was first a symbol of servitude in public office and then in religious office. For Zoroastrians parallelly the conviction developed to wear a كُسْتِيج(kustīj, “belt”), whereas Babylonian Jews wore a هِمْيَان(himyān)הֶמְיָנָא(hemyānā, “belt”). Public officials in the Iranian empire wore a كَمَر(kamar, “belt”) without which no Iranian of distinction would go out, termed in Arabic مِنْطَقَة(minṭaqa, “belt”). With the new Muslim rulers the former girdles were imposed and the كَمَر(kamar) or مِنْطَقَة(minṭaqa) prohibited for non-Muslims. An Arabic term for “girdle” neutral from the beginning is حِزَام(ḥizām).
Levy-Rubin, Mika (2011) Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire. From Surrender to Coexistence, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 154–157
Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “كمر”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 1881
Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “كمر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1119
Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Zona”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 1804
Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “كمر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 4017
Redhouse, James W. (1890) “كمر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1571
Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Kemer”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names], 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 448
