ἥρως

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Ancient Greek

FWOTD – 2 December 2015
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Etymology

According to Beekes, from Pre-Greek. The traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to watch over, protect”)[1][2] (whence Latin servō (“to maintain, protect”)) has become far less tenable after the discovery of the cognate Mycenaean Greek (ti-ri-se-ro-e), whose initial ti- cannot be regularly derived from *ser-.[3] Compare perhaps Ἥρα (Hḗra).

Pronunciation

 

Noun

ἥρως • (hḗrōs) m (genitive ἥρωος); third declension

  1. (Homeric) a hero of the Trojan War: any of the major combatants of the Greek or Trojan forces
  2. (classical) a hero or heroine of the ancient Greek religion: a human or demigod whose shrine was celebrated with chthonic rituals organized by local governments

Usage notes

Because the root of ἥρως (hḗrōs) ends with a vowel instead of a consonant, shortenings are common, such as ἥρως (hḗrōs) for the genitive singular and ἥρῳ (hḗrōi) for the dative singular.

Declension

Third declension of ὁ ἥρως; τοῦ ἥρωος (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ ἥρως
ho hḗrōs 		τὼ ἥρωε
tṑ hḗrōe 		οἱ ἥρωες
hoi hḗrōes
Genitive τοῦ ἥρωος
toû hḗrōos 		τοῖν ἡρώοιν
toîn hērṓoin 		τῶν ἡρώων
tôn hērṓōn
Dative τῷ ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈
tôi hḗrōi / hḗrōï 		τοῖν ἡρώοιν
toîn hērṓoin 		τοῖς ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν
toîs hḗrōsi(n)
Accusative τὸν ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ
tòn hḗrō / hḗrōa 		τὼ ἥρωε
tṑ hḗrōe 		τοὺς ἥρωᾰς
toùs hḗrōas
Vocative ἥρως
hḗrōs 		ἥρωε
hḗrōe 		ἥρωες
hḗrōes
Notes:
Third declension of ἥρως; ἥρωος (Epic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ἥρως
hḗrōs 		ἥρωε
hḗrōe 		ἥρωες
hḗrōes
Genitive ἥρωος
hḗrōos 		ἡρώοιῐν
hērṓoiin 		ἡρώων
hērṓōn
Dative ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈
hḗrōi / hḗrōï 		ἡρώοιῐν
hērṓoiin 		ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν / ἡρώεσσῐ / ἡρώεσσῐν / ἡρώεσῐ / ἡρώεσῐν
hḗrōsi(n) / hērṓessi(n) / hērṓesi(n)
Accusative ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ
hḗrō / hḗrōa 		ἥρωε
hḗrōe 		ἥρωᾰς
hḗrōas
Vocative ἥρως
hḗrōs 		ἥρωε
hḗrōe 		ἥρωες
hḗrōes
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)
  2. ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition (1999)
  3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἥρως”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 526

Further reading

  • “ἥρως”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “ἥρως”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “ἥρως”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
  • ἥρως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
  • ἥρως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
  • “ἥρως”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)
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