ὀφθαλμός

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See also: οφθαλμός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Traditionally derived from ὄψ (óps, “eye”) +‎ θάλαμος (thálamos, “chamber”), but note the usual ancient Greek word for eye is the similar ὤψ (ṓps), with a long /o/. Based on irregular κτ : πτ : φθ variation seen in variants like ὄκταλλος (óktallos) and ὀπτίλλος (optíllos), as well as the suffix -αλλ- (-all-) seen in ὄκταλλος (óktallos) being difficult to explain in Indo-European terms, Beekes takes the word to be of Pre-Greek origin, with proto-form *okʷt-alʸ-m-. The hypothetical Pre-Greek form's similarity to the Proto-Indo-European equivalent *h₃ókʷs (“eye”) is coincidental, according to Beekes; he additionally notes the contrast with the Homeric gloss ὄκκον (ókkon) given to ὀφθαλμόν (ophthalmón), which may be from the Indo-European root.[1]

Pronunciation

 

Noun

ὀφθᾰλμός • (ophthalmós) m (genitive ὀφθᾰλμοῦ); second declension[2][3]

  1. eye
    Synonym: ὤψ (ṓps)
    1. (in the singular) eye of a master or ruler
    2. eye of heaven
    3. that which is dearest or best; light, cheer, comfort
    4. (botany) eye, bud (such as the eye of a potato)
    5. (surgery) surgical bandage covering one or both eyes
    6. (architecture, in the dual) disks forming the centers of the volutes of an Ionic capital
    7. (Byzantine) a kind of stone
    8. (Byzantine) water inlet of a mill
  2. sight
    Synonyms: ὅρᾱσῐς (hórāsis), εἶδος (eîdos)
  3. understanding
    Synonym: σῠ́νεσῐς (súnesis)
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Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ὀφθᾰλμός; τοῦ ὀφθᾰλμοῦ (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ ὀφθᾰλμός
ho ophthalmós 		τὼ ὀφθᾰλμώ
tṑ ophthalmṓ 		οἱ ὀφθᾰλμοί
hoi ophthalmoí
Genitive τοῦ ὀφθᾰλμοῦ
toû ophthalmoû 		τοῖν ὀφθᾰλμοῖν
toîn ophthalmoîn 		τῶν ὀφθᾰλμῶν
tôn ophthalmôn
Dative τῷ ὀφθᾰλμῷ
tôi ophthalmôi 		τοῖν ὀφθᾰλμοῖν
toîn ophthalmoîn 		τοῖς ὀφθᾰλμοῖς
toîs ophthalmoîs
Accusative τὸν ὀφθᾰλμόν
tòn ophthalmón 		τὼ ὀφθᾰλμώ
tṑ ophthalmṓ 		τοὺς ὀφθᾰλμούς
toùs ophthalmoús
Vocative ὀφθᾰλμέ
ophthalmé 		ὀφθᾰλμώ
ophthalmṓ 		ὀφθᾰλμοί
ophthalmoí
Notes:
Second declension of ὀφθᾰλμός; ὀφθᾰλμοῦ (Epic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὀφθᾰλμός
ophthalmós 		ὀφθᾰλμώ
ophthalmṓ 		ὀφθᾰλμοί
ophthalmoí
Genitive ὀφθᾰλμοῦ / ὀφθᾰλμοῖο / ὀφθᾰλμόο
ophthalmoû / ophthalmoîo / ophthalmóo 		ὀφθᾰλμοῖῐν
ophthalmoîin 		ὀφθᾰλμῶν
ophthalmôn
Dative ὀφθᾰλμῷ
ophthalmôi 		ὀφθᾰλμοῖῐν
ophthalmoîin 		ὀφθᾰλμοῖσῐ / ὀφθᾰλμοῖσῐν / ὀφθᾰλμοῖς
ophthalmoîsi(n) / ophthalmoîs
Accusative ὀφθᾰλμόν
ophthalmón 		ὀφθᾰλμώ
ophthalmṓ 		ὀφθᾰλμούς
ophthalmoús
Vocative ὀφθᾰλμέ
ophthalmé 		ὀφθᾰλμώ
ophthalmṓ 		ὀφθᾰλμοί
ophthalmoí
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὀφθαλμός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1133-4
  2. ^ “ὀφθαλμός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ ὀφθαλμός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Further reading

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