五段活用
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Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 五 | 段 | 活 | 用 |
| ご Grade: 1 |
だん Grade: 6 |
かつ Grade: 2 |
よう Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi | goon | kan’on | |
Etymology
Compound of 五段 (godan, “quintigrade, five-grade”) + 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).
Literally, 五段 (godan, “five grades”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. It means five vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "five-voweled conjugation".
Pronunciation
Noun
五段活用 • (godan katsuyō) ←ごだんくわつよう (godan kwatuyou)?
- (grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of five alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, -e, and -o
- An extension of the earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class.
- The fifth base, -o, is a pseudo-base derived from the suffix う (-u) attaching to the irrealis conjugation stem that ends in -a, resulting in あう (-au), which phonologically regularly elides into [oː].
| 未然形 Irrealis |
連用形 Adverbial |
終止形 Conclusive |
連体形 Attributive |
仮定形 Conditional |
命令形 Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 書く (kak-, “to write”) | 書か (kaka) 書こ (kako-) |
書き (kaki) 書い (kai-) |
書く (kaku) | 書く (kaku) | 書け (kake) | 書け (kake) |
| 立つ (tat-, “to stand”) | 立た (tata) 立と (tato-) |
立ち (tachi) 立っ (ta'-) |
立つ (tatsu) | 立つ (tatsu) | 立て (tate) | 立て (tate) |
| 読む (yom-, “to read”) | 読ま (yoma) 読も (yomo-) |
読み (yomi) 読ん (yon-) |
読む (yomu) | 読む (yomu) | 読め (yome) | 読め (yome) |