下一段活用
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Japanese
| Kanji in this term | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 下 | 一 | 段 | 活 | 用 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
いち Grade: 1 |
だん Grade: 6 |
かつ Grade: 2 |
よう Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi | goon | kan’on | ||
Etymology
Compound of 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 下一段 (shimo ichidan) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 下 (shimo) means the vowel e, which is written beneath the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "one-voweled conjugation in e".
Pronunciation
Noun
下一段活用 • (shimo ichidan katsuyō) ←しもいちだんくわつよう (simoitidankwatuyou)?
| Modern | 未然形 Irrealis |
連用形 Adverbial |
終止形 Conclusive |
連体形 Attributive |
仮定形 Conditional |
命令形 Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 受ける (uke-, “to receive”) | 受け (uke) | 受け (uke) | 受ける (ukeru) | 受ける (ukeru) | 受けれ (ukere) | 受けよ (ukeyo) 受けろ (ukero) |
| 出る (de-, “to leave”) | 出 (de) | 出 (de) | 出る (deru) | 出る (deru) | 出れ (dere) | 出よ (deyo) 出ろ (dero) |
| 食べる (tabe-, “to eat”) | 食べ (tabe) | 食べ (tabe) | 食べる (taberu) | 食べる (taberu) | 食べれ (tabere) | 食べよ (tabeyo) 食べろ (tabero) |
| Archaic | 未然形 Irrealis |
連用形 Adverbial |
終止形 Conclusive |
連体形 Attributive |
已然形 Realis |
命令形 Imperative |
| 蹴る (ke-, “to kick”) | 蹴 (ke) | 蹴 (ke) | 蹴る (keru) | 蹴る (keru) | 蹴れ (kere) | 蹴よ (keyo) |
Usage notes
- The only archaic verb of this class, 蹴る (keru, “to kick”), was integrated into the 五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class after around the mid-Edo period.